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Gale, S.J. 2003N Making the European landscape: early contact environmental impact in Australia 7-16M Geography's New Frontiers: Geographical Society of New South Wales Conference 17% University of New South Wales, Sydney' Geographical Society of New South Wales Redhead Lagoon, New South Wales, NSW, sediment modelling, other dating, Cs dating, coastal, Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New England tablelands% http://www.gsnsw.org.au/Frontiers.pdf ? Johnson, A. G. 1997 Sydney University of New South WalesW Mill Creek, Hawkesbury Valley, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire PhD ` ? 1 Williams, N.J.
Harle, K.J.
Gale, S.J.
Heijnis, H. 2006e The vegetation history of the last glacial–interglacial cycle in eastern New South Wales, Australia 735-750 Journal of Quaternary Science 21i coastal, Redhead Lagoon, New South Wales, NSW, sediment modelling, palynology, last glacial cycle, polleno We present a reconstruction of the vegetation history of the last glacial-interglacial cycle (ca. 75 k cal. yr BP-present) at Redhead Lagoon, an enclosed lake basin in coastal, eastern New South Wales, Australia. The sequence of vegetation change at the site is broadly comparable with the pattern of climatically induced changes observed in many other pollen records in southeast Australia. Open woodland-herbland and woodland-forest communities correspond with glacial and interglacial periods respectively, with an additional change towards a more open understorey vegetation assemblage over the last 40 000 yr. The driest conditions appear to have occurred during the height of the last glacial (some time between 30 and 20 k cal. yr BP). This is consistent with other records from southeast Australia, and provides support for a poleward shift in the subtropical anticyclone belt and, less certainly, for the thesis that the Southern Hemisphere westerlies intensified during this period. In marked contrast to most sites in southeast Australia, Casuarinaceae dominates the pollen record through the height of the last glacial period and into the Holocene. The postglacial climatic amelioration is accompanied by the general reappearance of tree pollen in the record, by the disappearance of several open and disturbed environment indicator taxa, by increases in organic sediment deposition and pollen taxon diversity, and by higher water balances. While climate appears to have been the major control on patterns of vegetation change at this site throughout most of the last glacial-interglacial cycle, changes in depositional environment and hydrology have also played a role. Significantly, substantial increases in the rate and magnitude of many indicators of environmental disturbance since European settlement suggest that humans are now the most important mechanism for environmental change. F http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/113374835/ABSTRACT 10.1002/jqs.1069F http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/113374835/PDFSTART? Haworth, R.J 1994 European impact on lake sedimentation in upland eastern Australia: case studies from the New England Tablelands of New South Wales Armidale The University of New England sediment modelling, Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New South Wales, NSW, New England Tablelands, Black Mountain Lagoon, 210Pb dating, radiocarbon dating, palynology, pollen, palaeolimnology PhD, ? % Gale, S.J.
Haworth, R.J.
Pisanu, P.C. 1995U The 210Pb chronology of late Holocene deposition in an eastern Australian lake basin. 395-408 Quaternary Science Reviews 14 Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New England Tablelands, New South Wales, 210Pb dating, palaeolimnology, sediment modelling, other dating, palynology, geochemistry, NSW, pollen, 210Pb dating, charcoal, fire, magnetic susceptibility9 We report here the results of detailed 210Pb analysis of a sequence of lake sediments from Little Llangothlin Lagoon on the New England Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. 210Pb dating has been rarely employed in Australia and prior to this work no attempt had been made to evaluate the method using independent dating techniques. The chronology of deposition in the lake has been modelled using the Constant Initial Concentration (CIC) and Constant Rate of Supply (CRS) methods. Changes in the palynology and geochemistry of the sediments can be closely matched with well-documented historic events in the lake catchment. The dates of these events have been used to assess the modelled chronologies. Within the limits of resolution of the sampling interval, there is good agreement between the chronology modelled using the CRS approach and the dates inferred for geochemical and palynological events in the sequence. The CIC method provides a less successful match with the historical record, although the differences between the dates derived by the two models are small. ' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBC-40T9M2P-6&_user=554534&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1995&_alid=582215884&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=d9125617efa72676039d3a7e4860411c! doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00033-X ?
Smeulders, D. 1999 Sydney University of New South Wales5 Hopwoods Lagoon, New South Wales, NSW, charcoal, fire Honours* No further reference information availableB? Gale, S.J.
Pisanu, P.C. 2001A The late-Holocene decline of Casuarinaceae in southeast Australia 485-490 The Holocene 11 salinisation, salinization, New England tablelands, New South Wales, NSW, Little Llangothlin Lagoon, 210Pb dating, palynology, pollens In a seminal paper, Crowley (1994a) attributed the decline of Casuarinaceae in Australia during the period of European contact to soil salinization, itself the product of vegetation clearance and raised groundwater levels. However, the post-contact Casuarinaceae decline in the New England area of northeast New South Wales was not associated with salinization. Instead, there is strong evidence that the decline was caused by the preferential use and clearance of these trees by European settlers. Direct human impact must therefore be added to the list of causes of the late-Holocene diminution of Casuarinaceae in Australia. 10.1191/095968301678302922 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=10&did=791264921&SrchMode=3&sid=4&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1180425484&clientId=20870&aid=1 ? Gale, S.J.
Haworth, R.J. 2002} Beyond the Limits of Location: human environmental disturbance prior to official European contact in early colonial Australia 123-136 Archaeology in Oceania 37z Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New England Tablelands, New South Wales, archaeology, palynology, 210Pb dating, erosion, pollen= http://search.informit.com.au/fullText;dn=200302842;res=APAFT ISSN: 0003-8121? Tibby, J.C. 2004r Assessing the impact of early colonial Australia on the physical environment: a comment on Gale and Haworth (2002) 144-148 Archaeology in Oceania 39z Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New England Tablelands, New South Wales, archaeology, palynology, 210Pb dating, erosion, pollenD http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200506629;res=APAFT ISSN: 0003-8121 F? 2 Gale, S.J.
Haworth, R.J.
Cook, D.E.
Williams, N.J. 2004C Human impact on the natural environment in early colonial Australia Archaeology in Oceania 39 148-156 Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New England Tablelands, New South Wales, 210Pb dating, palaeolimnology, palynology, geochemistry, NSW, pollenD http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200506630;res=APAFT ISSN: 0003-8121 f?
Gale, S.J.
Haworth, R.J. 2005p Catchment-wide soil loss from pre-agricultural times to the present: transport- and supply-limitation of erosion 314-333
Geomorphology 68r Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New England Tablelands, New South Wales, erosion, sediment modelling, 210Pb dating, NSW A high-resolution record of catchment-wide soil loss for the period c. 1806–1990 has been obtained from Little Llangothlin Lagoon on the New England Tablelands of northeast New South Wales, Australia. The mean annual rate of mineral erosion since the time of European contact in the late 1830s was 269 t km−2. The mean rate of mineral denudation immediately prior to this was 25 t km−2a−1. In the 25 years after the arrival of the first sheep in the catchment, erosion rates increased by a factor of over 50 to 1360 t km−2a−1. After c. 1861, however, there was an apparently sharp transition to a new, low and very constant rate of denudation, 52 t km−2a−1. Eighty-five percent of post-contact erosion thus occurred in the first quarter of a century of European land use.
The low and constant erosion rates of the last century or more cannot be attributed to stable environmental conditions, to a decrease in land use intensity or to the introduction of soil conservation measures. Instead, it is possible that early colonial erosion almost entirely depleted the catchment of erodible material with the result that erosion moved from a transport-controlled regime to one that was limited by the rate at which catchment material was made available for transport by weathering. Alternatively, the high, early colonial rates of erosion may have been associated with the extension and deepening of the drainage net during the initial phase of European contact. The subsequent establishment of a new drainage net equilibrium may have reduced soil loss to a low and stable level.
Much of the evidence available to test these competing hypotheses is equivocal. Nevertheless, the gullying model must be rejected, first because there is no evidence of past or present dissection of the catchment surface, second because gullying would seem incapable of providing the highly constant rate of sedimentation that has prevailed in the basin over the past century or more and third because the gullying model cannot explain the step change from high to low rates of sedimentation in the basin. Further support for the supply-limitation hypothesis comes from the concordance between likely rates of soil formation in the catchment and rates of sedimentation in the lagoon.
These conclusions have implications for our cognisance of the role of supply-limitation in geomorphological processes, for soil conservation practice and for our understanding of the long-term impacts of agriculture on soil erosional systems.
- http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V93-4FD79RJ-2&_user=554534&_coverDate=06%2F01%2F2005&_alid=582370401&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5887&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=7808ee7f91e0e02e9e8e8d35d010b00b#SECX9# doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.10.008 +?
Cook, D.E. 2006Y A 2000 year record of environmental change from Tocal Homestead Lagoon, eastern Australia Sydney The University of Sydney Cs dating, 210Pb dating, radiocarbon dating, Tocal Homestead Lagoon, New South Wales, NSW, sediment modelling, palynology, pollen PhD %? Gale, S.J.
Cook, D.E. 2006O The 210Pb chronology of deposition in Tocal Homestead Lagoon, eastern Australia 40-43 Quaternary Newsletter 110 Tocal Homestead Lagoon, New South Wales, NSW, 210Pb dating, sediment modelling, Cs dating, magnetic susceptibility, geochemistry?
Kershaw, A.P. 1970D A pollen diagram from Lake Euramoo, north-east Queensland, Australia 785-805 New Phytologist 69 3Z Lake Euramoo, Queensland, Qld, palynology, radiocarbon dating, pollen, Atherton Tablelands Pollen analysis of organic sediments from a crater lake in north-east Queensland provides a vegetation record from 10,000 B.P. to the present day. An initial sclerophyll vegetation was succeeded by rain forest about 7600 B.P., probably under increasing effective precipitation. Rain forest then persisted to the present day changing progressively from a 'warm temperate' to a 'dry subtropical' kind, almost certainly as a result of an increase in temperature.
K http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02463.x' doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02463.x http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showPdf?submitPDF=Full+Text+PDF+%2812%2C082+KB%29&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1970.tb02463.x
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Haberle, S.G. 2005T A 23,000-yr pollen record from Lake Euramoo, Wet Tropics of NE Queensland, Australia 343-356 Quaternary Research 64 Lake Euramoo, Queensland, Qld, palynology, radiocarbon dating, charcoal, pollen, Atherton Tablelands, 210Pb dating, magnetic susceptibility, chironomids, LOI, diatomss A new extended pollen and charcoal record is presented from Lake Euramoo, Wet Tropics World Heritage rainforest of northeast Queensland, Australia. The 8.4-m sediment core taken from the center of Lake Euramoo incorporates a complete record of vegetation change and fire history spanning the period from 23,000 cal yr B.P. to present. The pollen record is divided into five significant zones; 23,000–16,800 cal yr B.P., dry sclerophyll woodland; 16,800–8600 cal yr B.P., wet sclerophyll woodland with marginal rainforest in protected pockets; 8600–5000 cal yr B.P., warm temperate rainforest; 5000–70 cal yr B.P., dry subtropical rainforest; 70 cal yr B.P.–AD 1999, degraded dry subtropical rainforest with increasing influence of invasive species and fire.
The process of rainforest development appears to be at least partly controlled by orbital forcing (precession), though more local environmental variables and human activity are also significant factors. This new record provides the opportunity to explore the relationship between fire, drought and rainforest dynamics in a significant World Heritage rainforest region.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WPN-4HGN4P0-3&_user=554534&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2005&_alid=582385665&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6995&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=2f866093daf72d04a0ea4a9ca18c4988 doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.013
? 5 Haberle, S.G.
Tibby, J.C.
Dimitriadis, S.
Heijnis, H. 2006u The impact of European occupation on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem dynamics in an Australian tropical rain forest 987-1002 Journal of Ecology 94 Lake Euramoo, Queensland, Qld, charcoal, chironomids, diatoms, palynology, macrofauna, macrofossils, pollen, Atherton tablelands, tropical Queensland, fire, AMS, radiocarbon dating, 210Pb dating, Cs dating, pinus, magnetic susceptibility, LOI] The long-term impact of changes in land use, fire and climate on species diversity in Australia are only just beginning to be understood. We combined fine-resolution palaeoecological proxies for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to investigate the responses of a tropical rain forest catchment over the last 700 years.
2 Sediment cores were sampled at 1-cm intervals to a depth of 100 cm from Lake Euramoo on the Atherton Tableland of north-east Queensland, dated and analysed for pollen, charcoal, diatom, chironomid and inorganic content.
3 The pollen and charcoal record shows a rapid loss of forest diversity (particularly the long-lived taxa Agathis and Podocarpus) and increased burning coinciding with the arrival of European settlers. The aquatic environment is also subject to rapid changes at this time, with a possible increase in pH and subsequent shifts in local algal and insect communities. This event was outside the historic range of variability in both rain forest and aquatic communities.
4 The present mosaic of vegetation types is a complex function of environmental changes operating across a range of spatial and temporal scales: millennial climate change, short-term climatic variations associated with El Niño events and, most significantly, a shift from indigenous to 'European' land-use practices, including clearance and burning activities associated with the timber and farming industry between about ad 1880 and 1920.
5 The establishment of a World Heritage reserve around the lake catchment and the suppression of fire over the last 50 years have not yet restored the terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem to its pre-European state and are unlikely to, given the current predictions of future climate change. This supports the notion that ecological and climate thresholds are not necessarily the same, and that the effects of crossing them are not necessarily reversible. Retrospective studies of the historic range of variability within small catchments can provide an understanding of the limits of natural and human-induced variability that can inform management decisions and resource planning.
J http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01140.x% doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01140.x? 0 Haworth, R.J.
Gale, S.J.
Short, S.A.
Heijnis, H. 1999[ Land use and lake sedimentation on the New England Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia 51-73 Australian Geographer 30| New South Wales, NSW, 210Pb dating, Black Mountain Lagoon, sediment modelling, geochemistry, charcoal, fire, palaeolimnologyD http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=990808373;res=APAFT ISSN: 0004-9182= http://search.informit.com.au/fullText;dn=990808373;res=APAFT ? [ Wasson, R.J. 1979O Sedimentation history of the Mundi Mundi alluvial fans, western New South Wales 21-51 Sedimentary Geology 22 sediment modelling, Mundi Mundi alluvial fans, Umberumberka Creek, New South Wales, NSW, radiocarbon dating, historical records The Mundi Mundi alluvial fans lie along the Mundi Mundi fault scarp in arid far western New South Wales. The fans consist of a number of well-defined stratigraphic units which can be traced both across the fans and down the fans. The fans are presently dissected and sedimentation is proceeding at intersection points on the larger fans, and most of the small fans are incised so that a net sediment loss is occurring. The oldest stratigraphic unit recognised is the Umberumberka unit which was deposited by bedload transportation in partly braided distributary channels and by slurry-flow deposition over temporarily abandoned channel deposits. The accumulation of the unit was a response to a relatively wetter climate at a time of depressed temperatures prior to 16,000 years B.P., and the end of accumulation was caused by increasing aridity. The Umberumberka unit is capped by a calcareous palaeosol, the Belmont Palaesol, which formed on the stable surfaces of the fans immediately after the peak of desiccation. The Korkora unit overlies the palaeosol and was deposited by shallow channels and slurries. The Mundi Mundi unit overlies the Korkora unit and was deposited in the same way as the Umberumberka unit. The Mundi Mundi unit was deposited between about 6000 and 3000 years B.P. as a response to an increase in rainfall in the Australian interior. The end of accumulation of the Mundi Mundi unit was followed by dissection of the fans, and this change in fan regimen was a result of climatic deterioration. A minor period of alluviation in the trenches cut into the fans (the Tackaringa unit) began about 1000 years B.P. as a result of a slight increase in moisture. The modern streams are dissecting the Thackaringa unit, but floods with a low recurrence interval continue to contribute sediment to the unit.
Climatic fluctuations have been responsible for the timing of periods of aggradation and degradation in the alluvial fans, but the major stratigraphic units record a progressive decrease in the mud (< 63 μm) content of the sediments. This decrease may reflect a long-term decrease in sediment yield from the fan catchments. The effect of this decrease in sediment yield on the behaviour of the fans is not yet clear. ( http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6X-489Y985-2F&_user=554534&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1979&_alid=582394222&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5826&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=462445640223936308512ad0563fd9eb" doi:10.1016/0037-0738(79)90021-6 :? Wasson, R.J.
Galloway, R.W. 1986H Sediment yield in the Barrier Range before and after European settlement 79-90 The Australian Rangeland Journal 8 2 sediment modelling, Mundi Mundi alluvial fans, Umberumberka Creek, New South Wales, NSW, radiocarbon dating, historical records Sediment yield has been estimated for the catchment of Umberumberka Creek, just west of Broken Hill in far western New South Wales, for two periods before European settlement and for three periods after settlement. The approach is stratigraphic whereby pre-settlement yields have been estimated from a radiocarbon-dated alluvial fan while post-settlement yields have been calculated from surveys of sedimentation in Umberumberka Reservoir. The average post-settlement yield of 1.9 m3 ha-' yr-' is about 50 times greater than the average yield for the 3000 years preceding settlement. The highest recorded post-settlement yield of 3.1 m3 ha-' yr-', over the interval 1915-1941, is about 90 times greater. Sediment yield in the interval 3000 to 6000 years BP was higher than in the interval 3000 years BP to European settlement but lower than the post-settlement yield. Changes of sedimentation rate have been detected in the reservoir since it was built in 1915, reflecting variations in the delivery of sediment to the streams and storage of sediment within the catchment. The nature of these mechanisms has not been accurately determined but comparison of sedimentation rates in reservoirs in south-eastern Australia suggests that a regional increase in rainfall during this century has played a role. If this is correct then the reduced sediment yields since the 1940s are no more than partially related to management and the reduction of rabbits. 7 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/202/paper/RJ9860079.htm Full text doi:10.1071/RJ9860079 O0? ( Mooney, S.D.
Radford, K.L.
Hancock, G.J. 2001x Clues to the 'burning question': pre-European fire in the Sydney coastal region from sedimentary charcoal and palynology 203-212% Ecological Management and Restoration 2Q charcoal, Jibbon Lagoon, Sydney basin, 210Pb dating, New South Wales, NSW, pollen
The concentration and influx of charcoal in a 210Pb-dated sediment core were used to investigate the recent fire history of Jibbon Lagoon in Royal National Park, NSW. Fire events of the recent (historic) past were compared to this record in an attempt to test its sensitivity. Recent fire events were not always reflected in the charcoal results. Nonetheless it can be concluded that since about AD 1930 the area has been characterized by a relatively high frequency of fires. The analysed sediments of the pre-European period contained a low concentration of charcoal, and only one large conflagration appears to have occurred in approximately the last 1600 years. How Aboriginal people used fire in this landscape is still uncertain. However, it is possible that they did not regularly burn the landscape, or if they did, it was in such a way that the delivery of charcoal to the lagoon was minimal. This study thus suggests that the idea of the ubiquitous use of fire by Aboriginal people should be further, and critically, analysed.
J http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1442-8903.2001.00085.x% doi:10.1046/j.1442-8903.2D ? Flannery, T. F.
Gott, B. 1984X The Spring Creek locality, southwestern Victoria, a late surviving megafaunal assemblage 385-422 Australian Zoologist 21| megafauna, Spring Creek, Victoria, VIC, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating, southwestern Victoria, western plains not available onlineI? Head, L. 1983e Environment as artefact: a geographic perspective on the Holocene occupation of Southwestern Victoria 73-80 Archaeology in Oceania 18 Bridgewater Lagoon, Boomer Swamp, Discovery Bay, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, macrofossils, radiocarbon dating, southwestern Victoria, western plains{D? Hartney, L. 2005s A Late Quaternary Vegetation History from the Archaeologically Significant Mt Eccles Lava Flow, South-west Victoria- School of Geography and Environmental Science Melbourne Monash University archaeology, Mt Eccles, southwestern Victoria, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating, Fred Swamp South, western plains Honours SD? Roach, A. 2005e A Palaeoecological Study Covering the Past 30,000 years of Tyrendarra Swamp, Western Plains, Victoria- School of Geography and Environmental Science Melbourne Monash Universityn western plains, Tyrendarra Swamp, southwestern Victoria, Victoria, VIC, palynology, pollen, radiocarbon dating Honours T D? Lewis, T. 2005d A Holocene multi-proxy palaeoecological record from Lake Surprise, Mt Eccles, south-western Victoria- School of Geography and Environmental Science Melbourne Monash Universityo Lake Surprise, Mt Eccles, western plains, southwestern Victoria, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, macrobotany Honours D?
Kenyon, C. E. 1989Y A Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeoecological record from Boulder Flat, East Gippsland Botany/Zoology Department Melbourne Monash UniversityN Boulder Flat, Gippsland, Victoria, VIC, palynology, pollen, radiocarbon dating Honours D? McKenzie, G. M. 1989 Late Quaternary vegetation and climate in the central Highlands of Victoria, with special reference to Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. rainforest- School of Geography and Environmental Science Melbourne Monash Universityh central highlands, Victoria, VIC, Oaks Creek, Buxton, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating, Powelltown PhD
? McKenzie, G. M. 2002s The late Quaternary vegetation history of the south-central highlands of Victoria, Australia. II. Sites below 900 m 32-54 Austral Ecology 27 central highlands, Victoria, VIC, Oaks Creek, Buxton, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating, North Torbreck, Powelltown, Torbreck River The late Quaternary vegetation communities of the south-central highlands of Victoria are constructed from analyses of pollen and charcoal, and macroscopic plant remains preserved in Sphagnum bogs. The sites, located in eucalypt forest or woodland, form an altitudinal sequence with the component Eucalyptus species varying with altitude and with small pockets of Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. in close proximity to the higher sites. The record from the sites above 900 m covers the last 32 000 years, and the record from the lower sites extends from at least 12 000BP. Around 32 000BPthe region was predominantly covered by a mosaic of alpine feldmark and herbfield, with small patches of Eucalyptus and Nothofagus woodland close to sea level when summer temperatures were probably 5°C lower than present. Lowest values, probably 7°-8°C below present, occurred between 19 800 and 16 900BP, when alpine communities were most widespread and much of the Central Highlands was treeless. Around 12 000BPalpine taxa disappeared or were greatly reduced, first at the lower sites. There was an associated rise in the treeline with the movement upslope of Nothofagus and eucalypt forest as a result of a general increase in temperature and probably effective precipitation. By 6000BPwet eucalypt forest and Nothofagus reached their maximum postglacial extent at all sites, possibly related to a further increase in temperature, at least 2°C lower than present, and higher effective precipitation. A continuing increase in temperature, or an increase in continentality, and a decrease in effective precipitation led to increased fire hazard and retraction of rainforest and wet sclerophyll or tall open forest toward present-day values. Nothofagus disappeared from the sites below 900 m. The activities of humans pose further threats to remaining forest communities. The record of vegetation and environmental change derived from the local and regional picture from eight sites reinforces and complements that from the individual sites. For example, combining the records overcomes to some extent taphonomic problems such as the effect of streams that flow close to all sites, and other limitations including problems of dating, poor preservation and variable sedimentation rates. y http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showFullText?submitFullText=Full+Text+HTML&doi=10.1046%2Fj.1442-9993.2002.01155.x% DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01155.x? Bohte, A.
Kershaw, A. P. 1999t Taphonomic influences on the interpretation of the palaeoecological record of Lynch's Crater, northeastern Australia 49-59 Quaternary International 57-58c Lynch's Crater, Queensland, Qld, pollen, palynology, macrofossils, macrobotany, Atherton Tablelands Pollen and plant macrofossil analysis of a sediment core from the margin of Lynch’s Crater provides a discontinuous record of vegetation and environments on and around Lynch’s Crater through the last glacial cycle. A chronology for the sequence is provided by palynological correlation with an existing, more continuous record from the central part of the crater. A comparison of the two records provides insights into processes of pollen transport and deposition that allows clearer separation of regional vegetation from that growing on the swamp surface. There is evidence from both pollen and macrofossils for the existence of a previously unsuspected swamp forest which grew on the swamp margins within the early part of the last glacial. The records illustrate the extinction of components of this forest in the latter part of the last glacial period and its eventual demise in the Holocene.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGS-3YN2Y5T-5&_user=554534&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1999&_alid=582779690&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6046&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=919c59473002c31ac6b2d2cbe45e7394# doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00049-4 KD? Bohte, A. 1994c Local Vegetation and Environments of the Last Glacial Cycle at Lynch's Crater, Northeast Queensland1 Department of Geography and Environmental Science Melbourne Monash Universityc Lynch's Crater, Queensland, Qld, pollen, palynology, macrofossils, macrobotany, Atherton Tablelands Honours ? Kershaw, A. P. 1983R A Holocene pollen diagram from Lynch's Crater, north-eastern Queensland, Australia 669-682 New Phytologist 94w Lynch's Crater, Queensland, Qld, pollen, palynology, macrofossils, macrobotany, Atherton Tablelands, radiocarbon dating Pollen analysis of this core from Lynch's Crater provides a more detailed and continuous Holocene record than has been obtained previously from the site. The pattern of dry-land vegetation changes appears broadly similar to those from other sites covering this period from the Atherton Tableland, though problems of dating do place some restriction on temporal correlations between them. Swamp forest is recorded for the first time within the region from pollen and plant macroremains, and this existed from the time of arrival of rainforest, probably about 8500 years B.P. until between 6000 and 4500 B.P. Firing by Aborigines in addition to climate change is considered to have been an important factor in swamp forest destruction and in the promotion of subsequent changes in swamp vegetation.
K http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04875.x' doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04875.x ? McCarthy, L.
Head, L. 2001| Holocene variability in semi-arid vegetation: new evidence from Leporillus middens from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia 681-689 The Holocene 11 Flinders Ranges, South Australia, SA, stick-nest rat middens, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating, pollen, palynologyJ Twenty-seven Leporillus spp. (stick-nest rat) middens provide palaeoecological evidence with good spatial coverage across the northern and central Flinders Ranges, South Australia, for three Holocene time slices: 7-5 ka, 4-2 ka and _1 ka. Plant macrofossils and faecal pellets from middens were AMS radiocarbon dated, and pollen and plant macrofossils were used to reconstruct vegetation histories. Woodland and shrubland communities with herbaceous understoreys were dominant around 7-5 ka in the northern ranges, and shrublands with an understorey of herbaceous taxa and chenopods were dominant in the central ranges. Warmer, wetter and more homogeneous conditions than present are indicated during this period. Shrubland communities declined in the central ranges during the period 4-2 ka with increasing aridity, to be replaced by chenopod shrublands with a less diverse component of herbaceous taxa in the understorey. Chenopod shrublands continued to increase from 1 ka to present in the central ranges. In the more sheltered topography of the northern ranges, shrublands persisted from 4-2 ka, and some woodland and shrublands remain through to present. Present spatial variability in the vegetation is a feature of the last thousand years or so (possibly longer in the central ranges), compared with less variability in the early to mid-Holocene.[ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=791266121&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=20870&RQT=309&VName=PQD DOI: 10.1191/09596830195708 ? ( Allen, V.
Head, L.
Medlin, G.
Witter, D. 2000 Palaeo-ecology of the Gap and Coturaundee Ranges, western New South Wales, using stick-nest rat (Leporillus spp.) (Muridae) middens 333-343 Austral Ecology 25 Gap and Coturaundee Ranges, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, macrofauna, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating Pollen, plant and animal macrofossils recovered from nine Leporillus spp. (Muridae) middens found in the Gap and Coturaundee Ranges, western New South Wales were examined. By comparing current vegetation, pollen from modern surface samples and pollen from midden samples, general vegetation characteristics over the last 6500 yearsBPwere reconstructed. Evidence shows that a greater shrub cover was apparent between 6500 and 5200BP, while other aspects of the vegetation cover were similar to present. An increase in tree pollen, possibly indicating greater tree cover, occurred around 3400-2600BP, while vegetation in the last 1300 years was similar to present. These interpretations, particularly from the older samples, are tentative due to spatial and temporal limitations. Animal macrofossils from the middens indicate that several mammal species now extinct or uncommon in western New South Wales have occurred in the area in the past 3000 years. This study also confirms that reconstruction of vegetation from Leporillus spp. midden evidence should be seen as separate `snapshots', rather than continuous records over a stratigraphically defined timescale. y http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showFullText?submitFullText=Full+Text+HTML&doi=10.1046%2Fj.1442-9993.2000.01042.x% DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01042.xv?! Berry, S. L. 1991_ The potential of fossil mammal middens as indicators of vegetation history in central Australia 305-313 Australian Journal of Botany 39 Mt Swan, Kathleen Springs, central Australia, Northern Territory, NT, Alice Springs, stick-nest rat middens, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating The plant macrofossil contents of two fossil mammal middens were investigated. Midden MS was collected from near Mt Swan, 200 km north-east of Alice Springs in central Australia. The vegetation in this region is predominantly grassland scattered with low trees. Midden KS was collected from Kathleen Springs, 240 km west-south-west of Alice Springs. The flora in this locality is dominated by forbs and chenopods. Midden KS had a radiocarbon age of 1700 years BP at the top and 3500 years BP at the bottom. Most of the plant taxa in each midden were components in the flora of the vegetation zones currently surrounding that midden. However, the two middens, collected from different vegetation zones, shared only 33% of taxa. Similarly, only 24% of species were common to the July 1987 vegetation at the two localities. A vertical slice of midden KS was cut into 25 subsamples. No progressive change of subsample plant macrofossil assemblage with depth could be detected by Principal Components Analysis. However, there was a weak tendency for subsamples from the same level in the midden to be similar. It was concluded that mammal middens are potentially useful indicators of the vegetation history of central Australia.
6 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/65/paper/BT9910305.htm Full text doi:10.1071/BT9910305 ?" McCarthy, L.
Head, L.
Quade, J. 1996 Holocene palaeoecology of the northern Flinders ranges, South Australia, based on stick-nest rat (Leporillus spp.) middens: a preliminary overview 205-2181 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 123 stick-nest rat middens, Flinders Ranges, South Australia, SA, radiocarbon dating, pollen, palynology, macrofossils, macrobotany, macrofauna Eight stick-nest rat (Leporillus spp.) middens from three locations in the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia provide a discontinuous palaeoecological record spanning the Holocene. Evidence from radiocarbon dates, pollen, plant macrofossils and animal macrofossils is presented. Both pollen and plant macrofossils show that in the early to mid-Holocene (c. 8.8-5.3 ka), woodlands with grassy understoreys were more widespread than present. This accords with other studies suggesting wetter conditions at this time. Samples dating of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (10.9-9 ka) are dominated by halophytes. It is not yet clear whether this is due to the continuation of Pleistocene aridity, changes in rainfall seasonality, or local influences on vegetation. ' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6R-3VVT2P4-B&_user=554534&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1996&_alid=582795536&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5821&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=90d804dc6851885e014e01002ec37fed! doi:10.1016/0031-0182(96)01113-3 x ?# Pearson, S. 1999h Late Holocene biological records from the middens of stick-nest rats in the central Australian arid zone 39-46 Quaternary International 59 stick-nest rat middens, Flinders Ranges, South Australia, SA, radiocarbon dating, pollen, palynology, macrofossils, macrobotany, macrofauna, central Australia Australian stick-nest rat midden research is in its infancy compared to the North American packrat midden research. The results of detailed studies of twenty stick-nest rat middens from different regions is briefly reported here to highlight the contribution they currently make to tracing environmental history and human impact in the arid areas of Australia at useful spatial and temporal scales. The middens are widespread in a variety of natural communities and in areas subject to different human impact. AMS dating has shown that the middens are predominantly younger than 3000 BP and that some middens have complex taphonomy. The data derived from the middens is mainly palynological although macrofossils of plants and animals have been analysed to provide an ecosystem perspective. The research challenges assumptions of environmental reconstruction developed within an equilibrium model and has required the development of new techniques of midden-based analysis.
* http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGS-3WMK61J-5&_user=554534&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1999&_alid=582796973&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&_cdi=6046&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=9c89786f8afd21cd2c60ffaf1d80b680" doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00070-6 ?$ Smith, M. 1982A Late Pleistocene Zamia Exploitation in southern Western Australia 117-121 Archaeology in Oceania 17f Cheetup Hill, Western Australia, WA, palynology, pollen, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating 7?% Smith, M. 1996! Revisiting Pleistocene Macrozamia 52-53 Australian Archaeology 42s Cheetup Hill, Western Australia, WA, palynology, pollen, macrofossils, macrobotany, archaeology, radiocarbon datingD http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=970606060;res=APAFT ISSN: 0312-2417 ?&
Beaton, J. M. 1977m Dangerous Harvest: Investigations in the late pre-historic occupation of upland south-east central Queensland Canberra Australian National UniversityH Carnarvon Range, Queensland, Qld, archaeology, macrofossils, macrobotany PhDv?' McConnell, K.
O'Connor, S. 1997U 40,000 year record of food plants in the southern Kimberley Ranges, Western Australia 20-31 Australian Archaeology 45m Carpenter's Gap, Kimberley, Western Australia, WA, radiocarbon dating, macrofossils, macrobotany, archaeologyD http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=980504976;res=APAFT ISSN: 0312-2417 M?(
McConnell, K. 1998w The prehistoric use of Chenopodiaceae in Australia: evidence from Carpenter's Gap shelter 1 in the Kimberley, Australia 179-188$ Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 7m Carpenter's Gap, Kimberley, Western Australia, WA, radiocarbon dating, macrofossils, macrobotany, archaeology The use of Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae has been recorded in a rock shelter site that shows evidence of human occupation from 40,000 B.P. more or less continuously to the present. The plant remains are discussed in the light of ethnographic information for use of these taxa in both Australia and north America. The presence of cheno-ams as environmental indicators of aridity will be discussed.] http://www.springerlink.com/content/u7020042pp2w7093/?p=f5533bfe9f6c478ca29c803f3f79ffd2&pi=5 DOI 10.1007/BF01374006 ?) " Atchison, J.
Head, L.
Fullagar, R. 2005 Archaeobotany of fruit seed processing in a monsoon savanna environment: evidence from the Keep River region, Northern territory, Australia 167-181! Journal of Archaeological Science 32p Jinmium, Granilpi, Punipunil, Northern Territory, NT, archaeology, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating We analyse archaeobotanical remains from three excavated rockshelter sites, Jinmium, Granilpi and Punipunil, in the Keep River region, northwestern Australia. The record is dominated by burnt fragmented seed remains from the fruit trees Persoonia falcata and Buchanania obovata, consistent with ethnographic records of whole fruits being pounded into pastes and cakes at the beginning of the summer wet season. Surface seed samples of non-cultural origin are mostly whole and unburnt, and contain higher proportions of grass seeds. Sustained processing of fruit seeds is first visible in the archaeological record about 3500 years ago. Spatial and temporal variation in its intensity is evident since that time until it declines following European colonisation. The decline does not represent total site abandonment, but a reorientation of activities following the ecological and social changes that came with pastoralism. The former included the local decline of P. falcata with more intense fire regimes.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WH8-4DTKXW9-2&_user=554534&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2005&_alid=582804443&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6844&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=7b29db7ca02a78a4ac60ac6db2fbbf5b doi:10.1016/j.jas.2004.03.022 ?* $ White, C. (1967) . , 6 (9): 426-431. 1967# The prehistory of the Kakadu people 426-431 Mankind 6 9r Padypadiy, Arnhem Land, Kakadu, archaeology, Northern Territory, NT, macrofossils, radiocarbon dating, macrobotany http://pao.chadwyck.com/articles/displayItem.do?QueryType=articles&QueryIndex=journal&ResultsID=112411648C5EBCBBB&ItemNumber=8&BackTo=journalid&BackToParam=QueryType=journals|ItemID=4133|issue=6:9%20(1967:June)&journalID=4133nD?+
Barker, A. B. 2000 Towards an archaeobotanical reference bank: a pilot study for the construction of an identification tool for macroscopic plant remains from archaeological deposits School of Humanities Adelaide* The Flinders University of South AustraliaH Droopney, Northern Territory, NT, archaeology, macrofossils, macrobotany Honours D?,
Clarke, A. 1988p Archaeological and ethnobotanical interpretations of plant remains from Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory7 Archaeology with ethnography: an Australian perspective Meehan, B.
Jones, R. Canberra8 Department of Prehistory, Australian National Universityo Anbangbang, Djuwarr, Kakadu, Northern Territory, NT, radiocarbon dating, macrofossils, macrobotany, archaeology D?-
Clarke, A. 1989 Macroscopic plant remains Plants in Australian Archaeology Beck, W.
Clarke, A.
Head, L. TEMPUSo Anbangbang, Djuwarr, Kakadu, Northern Territory, NT, radiocarbon dating, macrofossils, macrobotany, archaeology I?.
Clarke, A. 1985@ A preliminary archaeobotanical analysis of the Anbangbang 1 site 77-96/ Archaeological Research in Kakadu National Park Special Publication 13 Jones, R.. Australian National Parks and Wildlife ServiceR Anbangbang, Kakadu, Northern Territory, NT, macrofossils, macrobotany, archaeology ?/ ) Rowell, M. V.
Jordan, G. J.
Barnes, R. W. 2001^ An in situ, late Pleistocene Melaleuca fossil forest at Coal Head, western Tasmania, Australia 235-244 Australian Journal of Botany 49` Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, Tas, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating, U-series dating Stumps of more than 365 tree and shrubs are preserved in growth position on the shores of Macquarie Harbour, western Tasmania. The most likely age is Last Interglacial or early Last Glacial. The in situ forest was almost monospecific Melaleuca (probably M. ericifolia) swamp forest, with one very large Nothofagus cunninghamii, occasional Acacia, interspersed with tussocks of Gahnia grandis. The Melaleuca stumps showed a more or less continuous size distribution, and tree rings suggested an age range from a few years to approximately 100 years or more. Similar vegetation occurs now in parts of lowland western and northern Tasmania, particularly in poorly drained, undisturbed, coastal sites. The composition of the in situ fossil forest differed markedly from previously recorded macrofossil and fossil palynomorph floras, suggesting that both of the latter included significant allochthonous components.4 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/65/paper/BT00049.htm doi:10.1071/BT00049 ?0 * Jordan, G. J.
Carpenter, R. J.
Hill, R. S. 1991T Late Pleistocene vegetation and climate near Melaleuca Inlet, south-western Tasmania 315-333 Australian Journal of Botany 39 4a Melaleuca Inlet, Tasmania, Tas, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating, pollen, palynology Macrofossils of 27 taxa and microfossils of 47 taxa are identified from a Late Pleistocene deposit at Melaleuca Inlet with a minimum age of 38 800 years. Interpretation of the fossil assemblage suggests that at the time of deposition the climate was cooler than at present and at least as wet. The local vegetation was dominated by wet scrub and sedgeland-heath communities with rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest also present. Species composition was similar to extant vegetation in the region but now-extinct species and possibly communities were present. Charcoal occurs in the sediments and the taxonomic make-up of the assemblage is consistent with the presence of a well established high fire frequency, despite the deposit pre-dating the earliest known human occupation of Tasmania. 6 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/65/paper/BT9910315.htm Full text doi:10.1071/BT9910315 ?1 Jordan, G. J.
Hill, R. S. 1991F Two new Banksia species from Pleistocene sediments in western Tasmania 499-511 Australian Systematic Botany 4M Melaleuca Inlet, Tasmania, Tas, macrofossils, macrobotany, radiocarbon dating Subtribe Banksiinae of the Proteaceae was diverse in Tasmania in the early and middle Tertiary, but is now restricted to two species, Banksia marginata and B. serrata. Rapid and extreme environmental changes during the Pleistocene are likely causes of the extinction of some Banksia species in Tasmania. Such extinctions may have been common in many taxonomic groups. The leaves and infructescences of Banksia kingii Jordan & Hill, sp. nov. are described from late Pleistocene sediments. This is the most recent macrofossil record of a now extinct species in Tasmania. Banksia kingii is related to the extant B. saxicola. Banksia strahanensis Jordan & Hill, sp. nov. (known only from a leaf and leaf fragments and related to B. spinulosa) is described from Early to Middle Pleistocene sediments in Tasmania. This represents the third Pleistocene macrofossil record of a plant species which is now extinct in Tasmania. 7 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/150/paper/SB9910499.htm Full text doi:10.1071/SB9910499 ?2
Jordan, G. J. 1997f Evidence of Pleistocene plant extinction and diversity from Regatta Point, western Tasmania, Australia 45-71( Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 123K Regatta Point, Tasmania, Tas, macrofossils, macrobotany, pollen, palynology6 The Early Pleistocene Regatta Point sediments contain macrofossils that suggest that generic and specific rainforest diversity was higher in the region that it is today both locally and regionally, but the diversity was probably lower than it was for most of the Tertiary. The sediments contain extinct species of conifers and angiosperms which have closest living relatives in a wide range of environments, mainly wet forests of warmer areas than western Tasmania, but also relatively cool and dry areas. Simple models of climatically driven extinction explain these extinctions poorly. It is more likely that there was a wide range of causes of extinctions. New species,Acacia bulbosa, Rubus nebuloides, Quintinia tasmanensis, Oxylobium pungens, Laurophyllum australumandMyrtaceaephyllum pleistocenicum, are described.
n http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBX-45MFVVV-26&_user=554534&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1997&_rdoc=3&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236722%231997%23998769998%23306106%23FLT%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6722&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=4&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=74a13e9550efd916636fad618556c56f doi:10.1006/bojl.1996.0072 ?3 Hill, R. S.
Macphail, M. K. 1985P A fossil flora from rafted Plio-Pleistocene mudstones at Regatta Point, Tasmaina 497-517 Australian Journal of Botany 33K Regatta Point, Tasmania, Tas, macrofossils, macrobotany, pollen, palynology A Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene flora from Regatta Point on Macquarie Harbour contains pollen, cladodes, flowers and infructescences of Casuarina (s.l.), suggesting that the site of deposition was surrounded by the source plants. However, leaves and shoots of Nothofagus cunninghamii, Eucryphia, Atherosperma moschatum, Quintinia, Acacia, Lagarostrobos franklinii, Phyllocladus aspleniifolius, Podocarpus, Athrotaxis selaginoides and A. cf. cupressoides also occur, along with pollen and spores of the common rainforest species, and it can be inferred that a cool temperate rainforest was present upstream of the site of deposition. This fossil flora represents the earliest evidence to date of modern rainforest elements in Tasmania. Pollen of a number of modern sclerophyll species, including Epacridaceae, Proteaceae and Eucalyptus, is also present.
The presence of a Quintinia leaf in the Regatta Point flora is evidence that some species have become extinct in Tasmania relatively recently. Extant Tasmanian rainforests evolved from more diverse Mid Tertiary rainforests, probably in response to the Late Tertiary cooling and repeated Quaternary glaciations. The same environmental vicissitudes may have also been responsible for the successful establishment of eucalypts on the west coast of Tasmania by the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene, resulting in a vegetation probably similar to that now present around Macquarie Harbour.
6 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/65/paper/BT9850497.htm Full text doi:10.1071/BT9850497 ?4 Horsfall, N. 1987X Living in the rainforest: the prehistoric occupation of north Queensland's humid tropics
Townsville James Cook University6 Jiyer Cave, Queensland, Qld, macrofossils, macrobotany PhD ?5 O'Connor, S. 1992E The timing and nature of prehistoric island use in northern Australia 49-60 Archaeology in Oceania 27q High Cliffy shelter, Kimberley, Western Australia, WA, radiocarbon dating, archaeology, macrofossils, macrobotany ?6 # Witt, G. B.
Luly, J.
Fairfax, R. J. 2006S How the west was once: vegetation change in south-west Queensland from 1930 to 1995 1585-1596 Journal of Biogeography 33 Ambathala shearing shed, Queensland, Qld, radiocarbon dating, stable carbon isotope analysis, historical records, macrofossils, macrobotany, pollen, palynology, microhistology Conflicting perceptions of past and present rangeland condition and limited historical data have led to debate regarding the management of vegetation in pastoral landscapes both internationally and in Australia. In light of this controversy we have sought to provide empirical evidence to determine the trajectory of vegetational change in a semi-arid rangeland for a significant portion of the 20th century using a suite of proxy measures.
Location Ambathala Station, approximately 780 km west of Brisbane, in the semi-arid rangelands of south-western Queensland, Australia.
Methods We excavated stratified deposits of sheep manure which had accumulated beneath a shearing shed between the years 1930 and 1995. Multi-proxy data, including pollen and leaf cuticle analyses and analysis of historical aerial photography were coupled with a fine resolution radiocarbon chronology to generate a near annual history of vegetation on the property and local area.
J http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01531.x% doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01531.x ?7 : Wang, X.
van der Kaars, S.
Kershaw, P.
Bird, M.
Jansen, F. 1999 A record of fire, vegetation and climate through the last three glacial cycles from Lombok Ridge core G6-4, eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia 241-2561 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 147v Lombok Ridge, marine core, charcoal, Indonesia, Indian Ocean, palynology, pollen, fire, stable carbon isotope analysis Charcoal, elemental carbon and clastic particle analyses have been undertaken on tropical marine core G6-4 collected from the eastern Indian Ocean between the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia and northwestern Australia to help interpret an existing pollen record. In addition, a new oxygen isotope record has been constructed, and several radiocarbon dates produced, to allow a refinement of the chronology of the core. The record covers the last 300,000 years with three clear glacial–interglacial cycles. However, the new oxygen isotope record and radiocarbon dates suggest a hiatus and it appears that most isotope stage 3 is missing. Interglacials are characterised by higher values of mangrove, fern and rainforest pollen indicating wetter conditions than intervening glacials which have higher Cyperaceae and Chenopodiaceae values. Gramineae percentages are also generally higher during glacials but there is a sustained increase in grasses relative to Eucalyptus about 185,000 years ago originally interpreted as a change to drier conditions. An increase in burning from about 200,000 years ago from charcoal evidence suggests that fire may have been an important contributing factor. This and subsequent increases in charcoal may reflect anthropogenic burning and are considered in relation to archaeological evidence for possible times of arrival of people within Australia. The elemental carbon record shows major differences to that from charcoal and further research is needed to interpret its meaning. Little consistent evidence for changes in climate or vegetation disturbance is provided by clastic particle influx which may well reveal a record of volcanicity within the region.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6R-3VW7G9P-5&_user=554534&_coverDate=03%2F15%2F1999&_alid=583199974&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5821&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=86765ab9def57261bdf4013f490cf9ec# doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00169-2 ?8 D van der Kaars, S.
Wang, X.
Kershaw, P.
Guichard, F.
Setiabudi, D. A. 2000 A late Quaternary palaeoecological record from the Banda Sea, Indonesia: patterns of vegetation, climate and biomass burning in Indonesia and northern Australia 135-1531 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 155Z Banda Sea, marine core, charcoal, stable carbon isotope analysis, pollen, palynology, fire Palynological, charcoal, elemental carbon and elemental carbon stable isotope analyses on Banda Sea core SHI-9014 provide a detailed regional vegetation, fire and climate history for the Banda Sea area (eastern Indonesia and northern Australia) through the last 170–180,000 years. Reliable chronostratigraphic control is provided by a detailed oxygen isotope record and, in the younger part of the sequence, by radiocarbon dates. The results indicate that during the last two glacial periods (particularly stages 6, 4, and 2) drier climates prevailed in both eastern Indonesia and northern Australia and lower montane forests dominated by Fagaceae expanded, indicating cooler climatic condition in eastern Indonesia. High charcoal and elemental carbon values suggest increased burning during these periods. Expansion of tropical lowland rainforests, humid mid and upper montane forests, fern and woodland cover occurred in the interglacial periods (stage 5 and the Holocene), indicating warm and humid conditions. The Banda Sea record indicates that before 37,000 yr B.P. Dipterocarpaceae formed an important part of the tropical lowland vegetation of eastern Indonesia. Its subsequent demise coincides with an increase in disturbance pollen indicators, the replacement of Eucalyptus woodlands and open forests by open grassland vegetation and higher burning levels. It is likely that these changes relate to an increase in human impact on the landscape.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6R-3Y6H0RJ-8&_user=554534&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2000&_alid=583200512&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5821&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=5d713a4bbfb7175ce3ae7c51bb9e3dab" doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00098-X ?9 Moss, P. T.
Kershaw, A. P. 2000v The last glacial cycle from the humid tropics of northeastern Australia: comparison of a terrestrial and marine record 155-1761 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 155t ODP820, marine core, Lynch's crater, Atherton Tableland, Queensland, Qld, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, pollen' A detailed pollen record from the Ocean Drilling Program Site 820 core, located on the upper part of the continental slope off the coast of northeast Queensland, was constructed to compare with the existing pollen record from Lynch's Crater on the adjacent Atherton Tableland and allow the production of a regional picture of vegetation and environmental change through the last glacial cycle. Some broad similarities in patterns of vegetation change are revealed, despite the differences between sites and their pollen catchments, which can be related largely to global climate and sea-level changes. The original estimated time scale of the Lynch's Crater record is largely confirmed from comparison with the more thoroughly dated ODP record. Conversely, the Lynch's Crater pollen record has assisted in dating problematic parts of the ODP record. In contrast to Lynch's Crater, which reveals a sharp and sustained reduction in drier araucarian forest around 38,000 yrs BP, considered to have been the result of burning by Aboriginal people, the ODP record indicates, most likely, a stepwise reduction, dating from 140,000 yrs BP or beyond. The earliest reduction shows lack of a clear connection between Araucaria decline and increased burning and suggests that people may not have been involved at this stage. However, a further decline in araucarian forest, possibly around 45,000 yrs BP, which has a more substantial environmental impact and is not related to a time of major climate change, is likely, at least partially, the result of human burning. The suggestion, from the ODP core oxygen isotope record, of a regional sea-surface temperature increase of around 4°C between about 400,000 and 250,000 yrs BP, may have had some influence on the overall decline in Araucaria and its replacement by sclerophyll vegetation.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6R-3Y6H0RJ-9&_user=554534&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2000&_alid=583201001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5821&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=94f4b7b4bf0ba48e232512f11ba34e63# doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00099-1 ?:
Kershaw, A.P. 1986k Climatic change and aboriginal burning in northeast Australia during the last 2 glacial interglacial cycles 47-49 Nature 322 6074l Lynch's Crater, Queensland, Qld, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, Atherton Tablelands, radiocarbon datingB Long palynological records from continental deposits may be divided into two categories: detailed sequences seldom extending back much further than the most recent interglacial1−3, and more generalized or discontinuous sequences which cover all or a substantial part of the Quaternary4−6. I present here a record which is unusual in that it provides, in some detail, changes through a period considered to embrace the last two glacial/interglacial cycles. It provides the opportunity to compare the results of climatically-induced changes at corresponding stages within the two cycles and also to assess the impact of Aboriginal people on the vegetation. People have been present in Australia for the past 40,000 years7 and possibly as long ago as the last interglacial period8, but are unlikely to have been present before this.
A http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v322/n6074/abs/322047a0.html doi:10.1038/322047a0]?; Turney, C.S.M.
Kershaw, A.P.
Moss, P.
Bird, M.I.
Fifield, L.K.
Cresswell, R.G.
Santos, G.M.
Di Tada, M.L.
Hausladen, P.A.
Zhou, Y. 2001r Redating the onset of burning at Lynch's Crater (North Queensland): implications for human settlement in Australia 767-771 Journal of Quaternary Science 16 8l Lynch's Crater, Queensland, Qld, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, Atherton Tablelands, radiocarbon datingR Lynch's Crater preserves a continuous, high-resolution record of environmental changes in north Queensland. This record suggests a marked increase in burning that appears to be independent of any known major climatic boundaries. This increase is accompanied, or closely followed, by the virtually complete replacement of rainforest by sclerophyll vegetation. The absence of any major climatic shift associated with this increase in fire frequency therefore has been interpreted as a result of early human impact in the area. The age for this increase in burning, on the basis of conventional radiocarbon dating, was previously thought to be approximately 38 000 14C yr BP, supporting the traditional model for human arrival in Australia at 40 000 14C yr BP Here we have applied a more rigorous pre-treatment and graphitisation procedure for radiocarbon dating samples from the Lynch's Crater sequence. These new dates suggest that the increase in fire frequency occurred at 45 000 14C yr BP, supporting the alternative view that human occupation of Australia occurred by at least 45 000-55 000 cal. yr BP. E http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/88513675/ABSTRACT 10.1002/jqs.643z?< ! Singh, G.
Kershaw, A.P.
Clark, R. 19813 Quaternary vegetation and fire history in Australia 23-54 Fire and the Australian Biota# Gill, A.M.
Groves, R.A.
Noble, I.R. Canberra Australian Academy of Science Lake George, New South Wales, NSW, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating, Lashmars Lagoon, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, SA ?= [ Singh, G.
Geissler, E.A. 1985n Late Cainozoic history of vegetation, fire, lake levels and climate at Lake George, New South Wales, Australia 379-447; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 311Y Lake George, New South Wales, NSW, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating The results of pollen, spore, algal and charcoal particle analyses from an 18 m core sample, dating from ca. 730 000-0 a before present (B.P.), from Lake George are described along with an account of a five year study of modern pollen-rain from the same site. Also, pollen analyses of two isolated samples, dating about 4-7 Ma B.P., in a separate core from the same location are reported for comparison. The sedimentary sequence is dated by means of magnetostratigraphy and radiocarbon. The microfossil record from Lake George provides the longest relatively continuous Quaternary continental sequence yet available from Australia and may document one of the world's longest combined record of vegetation, bush-fires, lake levels and climates together with the record of accompanying plant migrations, redistributions and extinctions. It is so far the only chronologically secure Late Cainozoic palynological database available in Australia that spans the entire Brunhes Chron. The altitudinal shifts of vegetation belts inferred from the palynological sequence suggest significant past changes in terrestrial temperatures of the order of glacial-interglacial cycles. It is revealed that the upper treeline was depressed by 1200-1500 m and 300-600 m, respectively, during the glacial maxima and the cool-temperate intervals, and reverted during the interglacials. Assuming an average lapse rate of 0.7 ∘ C per 100 m, the drop in mean temperature for the warmest month (January) with respect to the present during the glacial maxima and the cool-temperate periods respectively may have been about 8-10 ∘ C and 2-4 ∘ C. A series of about eight glacial-interglacial cycles (phases I-XIX) are recognized during the Brunhes Chron at Lake George broadly corresponding to stages 1-19 of the deep sea 18 O palaeotemperature record. A correlation between the palaeotemperature sequence and the former lake levels at Lake George is presented for the relatively more continuous section, ca. 350 000-0 a B.P., with a view to resolve past precipitation changes. It is inferred that periods of considerably lower precipitation than at present prevailed during the glacial maxima. Conversely, periods of higher precipitation than at present occurred for some considerable lengths of time during the interglacials. In general terms, the precipitation levels increased during both interglacials and interstadials with respect to glacial maxima. The plant microfossil evidence indicates that Eucalyptus- dominated, dry sclerophyll (low, open) forests, now growing in the lake catchment, and probably elsewhere in southeastern Australia are the result of a comparatively recent development. It is shown that the relatively 'fire-sensitive' Casuarina-dominated forests, combined with several equally or more 'fire-sensitive' rainforest taxa, dominated the vegetation for at least half a million years during all but the last two interglacials. The relatively 'fire-tolerant', Eucalyptus-dominated forests started to expand onwards from the last interglacial, some 130 000 years ago, in conjunction with large increases in the amount of charcoal in the sediment. Since then, not only did the amount of charcoal remain at a generally high level but the overall dominance of open, eucalypt forest is maintained throughout during the warmer periods except for a cool-temperate interstadial interval (zone D) during the last glacial. The 'fire-sensitive' Casuarina (under 23 μm type) as well as all the rainforest taxa declined at the end of the last glacial and finally disappeared from the lake catchment during the Holocene, culminating in the total extinction of Casuarina type under 23 μm during the last few hundred years. Some of the changes in flora during the Brunhes Chron were undoubtedly the result of long-term climatic change but most appear to have been precipitated through increased fire-frequencies only during the last 130 000 years (with the maximum impact occurring during the last 10 000 years), probably on account of the bush-firing activities of early man in Australia. This presupposes the presence of the Aboriginal people some 90 000 years earlier than the oldest available archaeological evidence for human occupation of the Australian continent, a proposition that remains to be tested by future archaeological investigations. In biogeographical terms, the studies reveal that a number of Gondwanic taxa, commonly seen during the late Tertiary in southeastern Australia, survived well into the Pleistocene and finally disappeared during the late Brunhes from Lake George. http://www.jstor.org/view/00804622/di996217/99p0002c/0?frame=noframe&userID=96cb13d7@anu.edu.au/01cc99331300501bfbbce&dpi=3&config=jstor ?> * Edney, P. A.
Kershaw, A. P.
De Deckker, P. 1990| A late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and environmental record from Lake Wangoom, Western Plains of Victoria, Australia 325-3431 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80z Lake Wangoom, Victoria, Vic, western plains, southwestern Victoria, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon datingL Pollen, microfaunal and sedimentological evidence from the top 20 m of sediment in a closed volcanic crater lake is used to construct a detailed record of vegetation and environmental conditions through the Holocene and a substantial part of the Late Pleistocene. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the sequence covers tha last 51,000 yr or so. High lake-levels and the presence of forest or woodland vegetation indicate that the Holocene and the basal few thousand years of the record experienced wet and warm conditions. The earliest period was succeeded by a long phase of lower but variable moisture levels before more arid conditions resulted in the replacement of forest and woodland by herbaceous vegetation and frequent lake drying. Periods of slight amelioration occurred between about 27,000 and 19,000 and before 15,000 radiocarbon yr ago. Maximum aridity occurred between about 19,000 and 10,000 yr B.P., a period incorporating the height of the last glacial. During the Pleistocene, the lake became gradually more saline but has been fresh during the Holocene, even under low lake-levels.
( http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6R-48C7FRP-HY&_user=554534&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F1990&_alid=583213997&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5821&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=ebb69f3d416b900b59a5cc4f7306e9be" doi:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90141-S 7D??
D'Costa, D 1997^ The reconstruction of Quaternary vegetation and climate on King Island, Bass Strait, Australia1 Department of Geography and Environmental Science Melbourne Monash UniversityX Egg Lagoon, King Island, Lake Flannigan, Bass Strait, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology PhD 3?@ 1 Colhoun, E.A.
Pola, J.S.
Barton, C.E.
Heijnis, H. 1999P Late-Pleistocene vegetation and climate history of Lake Selina, western Tasmania 5-23 Quaternary International 57-58 5> Lake Selina, Tasmania, Tas, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire Analysis of pollen, NRM intensity of sediments, and dating of a 397 cm core from Lake Selina in western Tasmania provides a detailed record of vegetation and climate changes for the Last Interglacial–Last Glacial cycle. The vegetation record shows that cool temperate rainforest was present during Isotope Substage 5e and during the Holocene. Wet montane forest and subalpine shrublands dominated the early Last Glacial interstades; subalpine–alpine heathlands and herbfield the stadials. Stages 4–2 mainly had grassland, herbland and heath vegetation. There is close correlation between phases of maximum magnetic intensity in the sediments with pollen zones indicating presence of herbaceous vegetation. This suggests erosion of the catchment was greater in the absence of forest or woodland. Climate may have been slightly cooler than present during Substage 5e but the evidence is not definitive. Climate was colder at all times during the Last Glacial Stage until after ca. 14 kyr BP. Maximum temperature depression from present during Stage 2 was >3.5°C at Lake Selina, but probably as much as 6.5°C in the West Coast Range. Holocene climate was cool and wet. Comparison of the Lake Selina record, with others in western Tasmania and Victoria, indicate that variations in vegetation during the Last Interglacial–Last Glacial cycle were primarily responses to temperature changes in western Tasmania, and to precipitation changes, particularly summer drought, in western Victoria.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGS-3YN2Y5T-2&_user=554534&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1999&_alid=583216987&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6046&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=7def90788fa8dfc99a8de9dd4d7f05f1" doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00046-9 G?A < Colhoun, E.A.
van de Geer, G. 1988) Darwin Crater, the King and Linda Valleys 30-71 Cainozoic vegetation in Tasmania
Colhoun, E.A. Newcastle University of NewcastleT Darwin Crater, Tasmania, Tas, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating
Special Paper ?B ) Dodson, J. R.
Roberts, F. K.
De Salis, T. 1994 Palaeoenvironments and human impact at Burraga Swamp in montane rainforest, Barrington Tops National Park, New South Wales, Australia 161-169 Australian Geographer 25 2l Burraga Swamp, Barrington Tops, pollen, palynology, New South Wales, NSW, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating? ISSN: 0004-9182 ?C ( Dodson, J.R.
Greenwood, P.G.
Jones, R.L. 1986< Holocene forest and wetland dynamics at Barrington Tops, NSW 561-585 Journal of Biogeography 13 Burraga Swamp, Barrington Tops, pollen, palynology, New South Wales, NSW, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating, Boggy Swamp, Butchers Swamp, Black Swamp, Horse Swamp, Killer Swamp, Polblue Swamp, Sapphire Swamp, Clive Swamp Pollen analyses from eight sites and fifty-seven radiocarbon analyses from nine sites are described to give a vegetation history and chronology across the Barrington Tops Plateau. It is shown that sites record local plant community history, and that between-site comparisons enable identification of vegetation change across the Plateau. At present, the area above 1000 m supports a mosaic of sub-alpine grasslands, montane eucalypt forests, wet eucalypt formations, cool-temperate rainforests and wetland communities. By 9000 BP these had all been well established but there have been changes in the contributions of each vegetation type to the mosaic. In the period from 6500 to 3500 BP, cool temperate rainforest covered a larger area of the Plateau in the east, while wet eucalypt forests were more extensive in the west than at the present. This could have resulted from an increase in temperature and in summer rain-bearing winds from the south and east. Retreat of these forest types began around 5000 BP and by 1600 BP large areas on the west were replaced by montane eucalypts with a sub-alpine grassland understorey. Some expansion of cool-temperate rainforest began in the same region from about 1500 BP, athough this was mainly restricted to sheltered localities. In the wetland areas there was a general trend from open water with aquatics to higher productivity with sedges and Sphagnum-forming hummock/hollow communites around 3500 BP. Peat formation then became widespread and expanded within the last few centuries when further wetland areas became established, particularly in the Gloucester Tops region. The forest retreats from 5000 BP until 1600 BP and hydroseral change from 3500 BP probably resulted from lower temperatures. The most recent expansion of Nothofagus and the wetlands is thought to be due to an increase in rainfall and possible temperature. Fire records were compiled from four sites by analysing fine charcoal particle inputs. These show that the incidence and/or intensity of fires increased from low levels around 3000 BP. However, no major vegetation shifts could be directly attributed to fire. Some taxa, however, were sensitive to fire and the abundance of Casuarina torulosa in eucalypt forest in the south-eastern part of the Plateau was strongly reduced by burning. The role of Aboriginals and Europeans in the fire-ecology of the Barrington Tops area is unclear, but it is possible that their burning contributed to certain events in its Holocene vegetation history.
g Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0305-0270%28198611%2913%3A6%3C561%3AHFAWVD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K ?D
Chalson, J.M. 1991N The late Quaternary climatic and vegetation history of the Blue Mountains, NSW Sydney University of New South Wales Sapphire Swamp, Penrith Lakes, Warrimoo Swamp, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, Ingar Swamp, Notts Swamp, Katoomba Swamp, Burralow Creek Swamp, Kings Tableland Swamp, Jibbon Lagoon PhDeD?E M Black 2001 Fire, vegetation, humans and climate: A record of change during the past millennium from the King's Tableland Swamp, Blue Mountains, New South Wales Department of Geography Sydney University of New South Wales` King's Tableland Swamp, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, NSW, fire, charcoal, pollen, palynology Honours ?F 9 J. R. Dodson
V. M. McRae
K. Molloy
F. Roberts
J. D. Smith 1993 Late holocene human impact on two coastal environments in New South Wales, Australia: a comparison of Aboriginal and European impacts 89-100$ Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2 Killalea Lagoon, Bondi Lake, South Coast, New South Wales, NSW, erosion, eutrophication, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating There are few historical analyses quantifying impacts of human activity in Australia. This paper compares vegetation change, fire regime, erosion and eutrophication rates between the European period and the recent prehistoric past in two lake systems on the south coast of New South Wales. The variance in pollen abundance and hence species population changes increased markedly in the historical period, especially amongst understorey taxa, and this could be related to changes in the local fire regimes and to the effects of grazing. Local fire activity decreased from the prehistorical period at both sites. Erosion rates increased in the historical period and both organic and inorganic components were deposited in the lakes. Erosion episodes could be related to fire during some periods but are clearly controlled by forest disturbance and land-use at other periods. The trophic status of the lakes was increasing from before European settlement but accelerated in the recent past. This was in part due to the increased erosion rates and in part due to fertiliser application. The results suggest that lower rates of erosional and eutrophic change occur in catchments with basaltic than with Holocene sand substrata.] http://www.springerlink.com/content/g626627261408x1j/?p=84993c4912b04580b287af3d48ca35a8&pi=3 DOI 10.1007/BF00202186 ?G A Green, D.
Singh, G.
Pollach, H.
Moss, D.
Banks, J.
Geissler, E.A. 1988R A fine resolution palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology from south-eastern Australia 790-806 Journal of Ecology 76X Bega Swamp, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating@ This study attempts to bridge the gap in time-scale that has separated sedimentary pollen records from modern ecological and meteorological data. (2) Two pollen records were obtained, both at yearly intervals: a pollen-rain history (1975-84) and a record of past (1950-75) pollen accumulation, based on detailed 14 C analyses of bomb carbon from finely-sectioned peat deposits. By matching these data with instrumental rainfall records at yearly intervals, recent pollen production and accumulation changes are related to short-term fluctuations in precipitation and fire occurrence. (3) The modern pollen-rain study demonstrates a close relationship between rainfall and the pollen production and accumulation of several taxa. (4) Comparisons between sedimentary pollen records and meteorological data show that the vegetation response, through pollen production and accumulation, was sufficiently sensitive to register short-term, low-amplitude changes in precipitation in the swamp sedimentary record. (5) Related studies include charcoal particle analyses, fire scar surveys, and process modelling. (6) The combined results provide a basis for recognizing short-term, low-amplitude changes in vegetation and precipitation, not only from contemporary sediments, but also from finely datable sediments of Holocene and late Pleistocene origin.g Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0477%28198809%2976%3A3%3C790%3AAFPAPF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S ?H Polach, H.
Singh, G. 1980j Contemporary 14C levels and their significance to the sedimentary history of Bega Swamp, North South Wales 398-409 Radiocarbon 22 2X Bega Swamp, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating 3?I } Hope, G.
Kershaw, P.
van der Kaars, S.
Ziangjun, S.
Liew, P-M.
Heusser, L,.E.
Takahara, H.
McGlone, M.
Miyoshi, N.
Moss, P.T. 2004E History of vegetation and habitat change in the Australia-Asia region 103-126 Quaternary International 118-119X Bega Swamp, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating| Over 1000 marine and terrestrial pollen diagrams and some hundreds of vertebrate faunal sequences have been studied in the Austral-Asian region bisected by the PEPII transect, from the Russian arctic extending south through east Asia, Indochina, southern Asia, insular Southeast Asia (Sunda), Melanesia, Australasia (Sahul) and the western south Pacific. The majority of these records are Holocene but sufficient data exist to allow the reconstruction of the changing biomes over at least the past 200,000 years. The PEPII transect is free of the effects of large northern ice caps yet exhibits vegetational change in glacial cycles of a similar scale to North America. Major processes that can be discerned are the response of tropical forests in both lowlands and uplands to glacial cycles, the expansion of humid vegetation at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition and the change in faunal and vegetational controls as humans occupy the region. There is evidence for major changes in the intensity of monsoon and El Nino-Southern oscillation variability both on glacial–interglacial and longer time scales with much of the region experiencing a long-term trend towards more variable and/or drier climatic conditions. Temperature variation is most marked in high latitudes and high altitudes with precipitation providing the major climate control in lower latitude, lowland areas. At least some boundary shifts may be the response of vegetation to changing CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Numerous questions of detail remain, however, and current resolution is too coarse to examine the degree of synchroneity of millennial scale change along the transect.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGS-4BVNKRF-1&_user=554534&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2004&_alid=583240385&_rdoc=2&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6046&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=4&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=993aedd517a05eaa89c26a85092fddbb# doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00133-2
?J
Clark, R.L. 1986( The fire history of Rotten Swamp, A.C.T. Canberra? Unpublished Report to ACT Parks and Conservation Service, CSIROp Rotten Swamp, Cotter Source Bog, Mt Kelly, Australian Capital Territory, ACT, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynologye?K 1 Dodson, J.R.
De Salis, I.
Myers, C.A.
Sharp, A.J. 1994q A thousand years of environmental change and human impact in the alpine zone at Mount Kosciuszko, New South Wales 77-87 Australian Geographer 25 Club Lake, Mt Kosciuszko, Snowy Mountains, New South Wales, NSW, charcoal, fire, erosion, eutrophication, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating~ This study reconstructs erosion, productivity, fire and vegetation records at Club Lake, in the alpine zone of Kosciusko National Park (the highest mountain region in Australia), and uses them to compare the prehistoric and historic periods. While disturbance in the prehistoric period was found to be minimal and mainly activated by fire, the impact of land uses after European arrival initiated a change in the erosion and fire regime and brought new grazing animals and exotic plant species. These triggered temporal changes in eutrophication and the nature of erosion, and significant vegetation changes. There was a reduction in the stability and persistence of species representation, especially in herbfield vegetation, and little recovery is evident despite the cessation of summer grazing. It is apparent that the area is very sensitive to disturbance by human impact and large fires. M http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a769297523~db=all~order=page DOI: 10.1080/00049189408703100 0 ?L # Gell, P.A.
Stuart, I.M.
Smith, J.D. 1993 The response of vegetation to changing fire regimes and human activity in the Delegate River catchment, East Gippsland, Victoria 150-160 The Holocene 3U Tea Tree Swamp, Gippsland, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, diatoms?M Boon,S.
Dodson, J.R. 1992K Environmental response to land use at Lake Curlip, east Gippsland, Victoria 206-221 Australian Geographical Studies 30Z Lake Curlip, Gippsland, Victoria, VIC, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology, Kutai PeatlandsD?N Reid, M. 1989 Palaeoecological Changes at Lake Wellington, Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, during the late Holocene: A Study of the Development of a Coastal Lake Ecoystem1 Department of Geography and Environmental Science Melbourne Monash Universitys Lake Wellington, Gippsland, Victoria, VIC, coastal, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, diatoms, radiocarbon dating HonoursID?O
Robertson, M. 1986} Fire Regimes and Vegetation Dynamics: A Case Study Examining the Potential of the Fire Resolution Palaeoecological Techniques1 Department of Geography and Environmental Science Melbourne Monash UniversityD McKenzie Road Bog, Victoria, VIC, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology Honours ?P Jenkins, M.A.
Kershaw, A.E. 1997S A mid-late Holocene record from an interdunal swamp, Mornington Peninsula, Victoria 133-148- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 109T Greens Bush, Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire)?Q Aitken, D.
Kershaw, A.E. 1992J Holocene vegetation and environmental history of Cranbourne Botanic Garden 67-80, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 105o Cranbourne Botanic Gardens, Tiger Snake Swamp, Tadpole Swamp, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire*?R McKenzie, G.M. 1997p The late Quaternary vegetation history of the south-central highlands of Victoria, Australia:1. Sites above 900m 19-36 Australian Journal of Ecology 22d Lake Mountain, Storm Creek, Tom Burns, Snob Creek, Victoria, VIC, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology KD?S Head, L.
Stewart, I-M.F 1980Y Change in the Aire: Palaeoecology and Prehistory in the Aire Basin, southwestern Victoria Monash Publications in Geography 24 Melbourne Monash Universityv Lake Hordern, Aire Basin, Southwestern Victoria, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating 6? % Thom, B.G.
Hails, J.H.
Martin, A.R.H. 1969N Radiocarbon evidence against higher postglacial sealevels in eastern Australia 161-168 Marine Geology 7 2Q Kurnell Fen, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating Postglacial changes of sea level in Australia have been the subject of considerable debate. The lack of morphological and stratigraphical evidence for Recent (Holocene) higher sea levels in eastern Australia (New South Wales and Queensland) is supported by the radiocarbon dating of eight freshwater peats which outcrop on beaches close to high-water mark (H.W.M.). These dates range from 2,985 to 4,730 years ago (mean 3,625). Together with several older wood dates from in situ stumps below H.W.M. and 14C assays of shells from buried tidal flat environments, they fail to indicate that sea level rose above its present position between 2,985 and at least 9,000 B.P. l http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6M-48CGJ08-DC&_user=554534&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F1969&_rdoc=4&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235818%231969%23999929997%23419802%23FLP%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5818&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=11&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=7e977c57b29ff9fe0681fd1eb4ce9abc" doi:10.1016/0025-3227(69)90038-3 <? Macphail, M.K. 1999G A hidden cultural landscape: colonial Sydney's plant microfossil record 79-109! Australian Historical Archaeology 17k Sydney, General Post Office, GPO, New South Wales, NSW, archaeology, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating, Order issues through http://www.asha.org.au/ ?
Macphail, M.K. Unpublished reportV Sydney, Black Wattle Bay, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating% Contact Mike Macphail or Matt Prebble <C .; + Matiu Prebble
Robin Sim
Jan Finn
David Fink 2005j A Holocene pollen and diatom record from Vanderlin Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, lowland tropical Australia 357-371 Quaternary Research 64 3v Walala, Vanderlin Island, Northern Territory, NT, Gulf of Carpentaria, pollen, palynology, diatoms, radioc '?U McKenzie, G.M.
Kershaw, A.P. 2000N The last glacial cycle from Wyelangta, the Otway region of Victoria, Australia 177-1931 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 155C Wyelangta, Otway, Victoria, VIC, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology This paper presents the first long Quaternary palynological record from the Otway region of Victoria, an area which is biogeographically important in that it is an outlier of the southeastern highlands containing distinctive forest vegetation with great similarities to the island of Tasmania. The record is derived from a small remnant patch of cool temperate rainforest dominated by Nothofagus cunninghamii surrounded by tall open eucalypt forest. Three clear phases are identified: an older rainforest phase dated to beyond 40,000 years BP which probably represents the latter part of Oxygen Isotope Stage 5; a phase of more open vegetation which covers at least part of the last glacial period; and a younger rainforest phase of Holocene age. The record is significant in providing refinements to late Quaternary climatic estimates from southeastern Australia utilising the climatic profiles of key rainforest taxa, and in indicating the likely presence and nature of a glacial rainforest ‘refugium'. The occurrence of a major rain forest tree, Phyllocladus, during the early forest phase and of the subalpine taxon Gunnera, during the last glacial period, taxa now restricted to Tasmania, demonstrates an even greater biogeographic link to this island in the recent past. Their extinction on the mainland is consistent with the general demise of cool temperate taxa with close Gondwanan affinities on the Australian mainland through the Late Cenozoic period. Their late disappearance contributes to the growing list of mainland extinctions of ancient and geographically interesting taxa adding weight to the proposal that Aboriginal burning has had a substantial impact on the Australian landscape during the last glacial cycle.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6R-3Y6H0RJ-B&_user=554534&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2000&_alid=583280145&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5821&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=a4d7484edcc584a163095275bee0075a" doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00100-5 e?V < Gell, P.A.
Barker, P.A.
De Deckker, P.
Last, W.M.
Jellad, L. 1994| The Holocene history of West Basin Lake, Victoria, Australia, chemical changes based on fossil biota and sediment mineralogy 235-258 Journal of Palaeolimnology 12f West Basin Lake, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, diatoms, pinus, radiocarbon datingK?W J Dodson, J.R.
Frank, K.
Fromme, M.
Hickson, D.
McRae
Mooney, S.
Smith, J.D. 1994P Environmental Systems and Human Impact at Cobrico Crater, South Western Victoria 27-40 Australian Geographical Studies 32g Cobrico Crater, Cobrico Swamp, southwestern Victoria, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire #?X
Mooney, S. 1997t A fine-resolution palaeoclimatic reconstruction of the last 2000 years from Lake Keilambete, south-eastern Australia 139-149 The Holocene 7 2i Lake Keilambete, southwestern Victoria, western plains, Victoria, VIC, charcoal, fire, pollen, palynology ?Y 2 D'Costa, D.M.
Edney, P.
Kershaw, P.
De Deckker, P. 1989@ Late Quaternary palaeoecology of Tower Hill, Victoria, Australia 461-482 Journal of Biogeography 16a Tower Hill, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, diatoms, radiocarbon dating, pinus Analyses of microflora and microfauna from two sites within the Tower Hill volcanic complex of western Victoria have provided a detailed and consistent record of vegetation and environments through the last 11,000 years. One of these sites extends the record back to 20,000 years BP and is the first from this intensively studied part of Australia to cover the whole of this period. From about 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, shallow, slightly brackish water was present in Tower Hill lakes whilst surrounding vegetation was of a cool-steppe type, with no known modern analogue, existing under climatic conditions that were cooler, drier and probably windier than today. Maximum aridity, as indicated by higher salinity levels and lake drying, occurred between 15,000 and 11,500 BP largely as a result of increasing temperatures. Effective precipitation then increased gradually to maximum Holocene levels between about 8000 and 5000 years BP before a reduction to those of the present day. During the early Holocene, a Casuarina woodland dominated the area and was partially replaced, possibly as a result of higher moisture levels, by more sclerophyllous Eucalyptus dominated vegetation. Subsequently major changes to the vegetation and hydrology were brought about by the activities of European settlers. A statistical comparison of the performance of major taxa in the two diagrams provides a measure of spatial vegetation variation that can be used to assist with an ongoing revegetation of the Tower Hill complex. The establishment of an age for the original eruption, much older than previous estimates, has implications for regional geological stratigraphy and aboriginal occupation.g Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0305-0270%28198909%2916%3A5%3C461%3ALQPOTH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N 9?Z Crowley, G.M.
Kershaw, A.P. 1994d Late Quaternary environmental change and human impact around Lake Bolac, western Victoria, Australia 367-377 Journal of Quaternary Science 9 4m Lake Bolac, Lake Turangmoroke, Fiery Creek, western plains, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire?[ L Head 1989V Prehistoric Aboriginal impacts on Australian vegetation: an assessment of the evidence 37-46 Australian Geographer 20 1N pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, Lake George, Lynch's Crater, Discovery Bay To what extent were Australian vegetation patterns in 1788 a product of human activity? Pollen and charcoal evidence which addresses this question is reviewed. I discuss the nature of the evidence, particularly the difficulties involved in establishing relationships between charcoal and fire history, and between fire history and human activity. I then address the broader question from the perspectives of both time and space by examining three key periods which might be expected to provide relevant evidence: (i) the time of initial human colonisation of the continent; (ii) the late Holocene, when Aboriginal population densities are thought to have increased substantially; and (iii) the last 200 years, when Aboriginal influences on the landscape have been mostly removed. Impacts are likely to have been different in different environments, with vegetation types vulnerable to fire showing the most marked changes. I conclude with a discussion of ways alternative interpretations have been utilised by competing groups in land management debates. M http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a769314719~db=all~order=page DOI: 10.1080/00049188908702973 ?\
Luly, J.G. 1993X Holocene Palaeoenvironments near Lake Tyrell, semi-arid northwestern Victoria, Australia 587-598 Journal of Biogeography 20S Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, VIC, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating Pollen analyses from the playa Lake Tyrrell in semi-arid northwestern Victoria, Australia record major environmental changes during the Holocene. Amerioration of arid Pleistocene climates after 10,000 BP converted Lake Tyrrell from a dry deflationary basin to an aphemeral lake surrounded by Allocasuarina dominated woodlands with a grass understorey. A marked increase in rainfall at about 6600 BP transformed the lake from an ephemeral to a permanent water body. This increase in rainfall coincided with the migration of mallee vegetation to the region, a rapid expansion in Callitris populations and development of a more active fire regime. Drier conditions prevailed between 2200 BP and 800 BP but mallee remained the dominant vegetation. Fully modern conditions date from 800 BP. The magnitude of Holocene environmental change reported from Lake Tyrrell is greater than that usually recognized from sites in humid southeastern Australia. A comparison of conclusion drawn from Lake Tyrrell with previously published accounts from Lake Frome suggests that significant Holocene environmental change was widespread in the semi-arid lands of southern Australia.g Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0305-0270%28199311%2920%3A6%3C587%3AHPNLTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 J?] Head, L. 1988g Holocene vegetation, fire and environmental history of the Discovery Bay region, south-western Victoria 21-49 Australian Journal of Ecology 13 Discovery Bay, Victoria, VIC, southwestern Victoria, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, macrofossils, Bridgewater Lagoon, Boomer Swamp, Long Swamp ?^ % Ladd, P.G.
Orchista, D.W.
Joyce, E.B. 1992. Holocene vegetation history of Flinders Island 757-767 New Phytologist 122 Killicrankie Swamp, Middle Patriarch Swamp, Flinders Island, Bass Strait, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating Two swamp sites on Flinders Island in Bass Strait provide evidence of vegetation cover for the period 10000 BP to present. Steppe vegetation in which Compositae Liguliflorae taxa and chenopods were important was present on the Flinders Island part of the Bassian Isthmus during the earliest part of the record. However, it was replaced by eucalypt forest or woodland with a grassy understorey and some shrubs as sea level rose to form the present island by 6000 BP. The eucalypt dominated vegetation became less important about 940 BP when Callitris became prominent until very recently. This change may be related to a drier climate.
Flinders Island is one of the few sites in Australia where humans were absent for an extended time (c. 4700 to 200 BP) during the Holocene. There is no particular indication of pollen or charcoal changes which can be related to the disappearance of humans from the island. However, at Killiecrankie Swamp the arrival of Europeans 200 yr ago probably caused the increased charcoal input to the swamp sediments and the vegetation change observed. Likewise Middle Patriarch Swamp records changes due to clearing and swamp drainage in the most recent times. The fact that the swamp deposits contain charcoal and pollen, together with the density of swamps on the eastern side of the island means the area is very favourably placed to provide detailed information on firing regimes unaffected by humans, in a sclerophyll vegetation very similar to that in large areas of southeastern Australia.
In the light of the pollen evidence from this study and that from other southeastern mainland and Tasmanian sites it is suggested that the apparent prominence of Casuarina in the southwest of Victoria and southeast of South Australia during the early Holocene was due to local soil factors and drier climate. Later changes in soil and climate led to a decrease in Casuarina and increase in Eucalyptus.
K http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00104.x' doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00104.x ?_ Hope, G. 1999i Vegetation and fire response to late Holocene human occupation in island and mainland north west Tasmania 47-60 Quaternary International 59 1 Stockyard Swamp, Hunter Island, Sundown Swamp, Sundon Point, Cape Barren Island, Phil's Hill, Tasmania, macrofossils, macrobotany, charcoal, fire, Tas, pollen, palynology, radiocarbon dating Short sections of organic lagoon sediments have been obtained from two coastal localities, one at Sundown Point on the northwest coast of Tasmania and the other from Stockyard Swamp, 3 km inland on Hunter Island about 60 km to the north. Both sites are infilled swales of transgressive dune fields and provide records of vegetation and fire over the past 4000 yr. Sundown Point has sustained moderate levels of burning until around 2000 BP when a general increase occurs until the time of European occupation. Coastal heath vegetation with eucalypts was maintained until clearance of the area for pasture. Stockyard Swamp has a distinct phase of high carbonised particle accumulation from 4000 to about 2500 BP. This is followed by moderate to low levels of charcoal to the surface. Increased woody vegetation is associated with the higher carbonised particle phase. These prehistoric vegetation and charcoal sequences may reflect a possible correlation with the intensity of human occupation. The high charcoal phase at Stockyard Swamp appears to coincide with a period of possible abandonment of Hunter Island by Aborigines hypothesised from archaeological records. By comparison to the mainland Tasmanian site which experienced presumed continuous occupation after 3000 BP, Hunter Island would appear to have experienced a more variable fire regime after 2800 BP, which may reflect larger but less frequent natural fires, or occasional visits. A steady state on mainland northwest Tasmania was greatly upset by the arrival of the Europeans. * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGS-3WMK61J-6&_user=554534&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1999&_alid=583315720&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&_cdi=6046&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=d421e3acee8ba71a900f7b842d8e730a" doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00071-8 ?` @ Anker, S.A.
Colhoun, E.A.
Barton, C.E.
Peterson, M.
Barbetti, M. 2001\ Holocene Vegetation and Paleoclimatic and Paleomagnetic History from Lake Johnston, Tasmania 264-274 Quaternary Research 56 2h Lake Johnston, Tullabardine Swamp, Tasmania, Tas, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, radiocarbon dating Lake Johnston cirque contains some of the best subalpine rainforest in Tasmania. Pollen from the sediments shows Lagarostrobos franklinii, which presently reaches 1040 m, may be a glacial relict. Nothofagus cunninghamii–Nothofagus gunnii subalpine rainforest developed between 9000 and 6000 14C yr B.P., with a maximum at 8700 14C yr B.P. After 6000 14C yr B.P. Nothofagus gunnii became more important, and from 3600 14C yr B.P. sclerophyll and heath components increased. Partial burning of the catchment occurred periodically. Early Holocene climate was warmer and wetter than late Holocene climate. The vegetation and climate changes are similar to those recorded from western South Island New Zealand and Chile. Radiocarbon dates give a sedimentation rate of 0.43 mm/yr. Cores are correlated by magnetic susceptibility. Magnetic ages are assigned by matching with the 14C-dated secular variation master curve for southeastern Australia. Magnetic ages are consistent with the 14C chronology when the former are adjusted by 350 years. ( http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WPN-45B661N-14&_user=554534&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_alid=583317411&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6995&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=3f1494e5ef3ca3dbcb239ba978ff1e3d doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2233 ?a
Colhoun, E.A. 1992Q Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history at Poets Hill Lake, Western Tasmania 11-23 Australian Geographer 23= Poets Hill, Tasmania, Tas, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire Pollen analysis of 3.25 m of late glacial and Holocene sediments gives a mid-altitude (600 m) record of vegetation development after the last or Margaret Glaciation. Alpine herbfield, coniferous heath and Nothofagus gunnli scrub developed on the moraines until 11,400 BP. Wet montane forest and heath then developed with Phyllocladus aspleniifolius, Nothofagus cunninghamii and Eucalyptus until c. 10,000 BP. After 10,000 BP a mosaic of N. cunninghamii rainforest, Myrtaceae and Proteaceae scrub and Sprengelia incarnata heath occurred. The development of the vegetation from alpine communities to temperate rainforest, which is near its limit at 600 m, occurred under the influence of improving climatic conditions with rapid upslope migration or local expansion of taxa during the late glacial. Temperatures were warm enough for the development of rainforest at 600 m by 10,000 BP, if not earlier. The development of a mosaic of rainforest, scrub and heath vegetation rather than extensive rainforest after 10,000 BP reflects the influence of poor soils, bad drainage and fires. Comparison with similar pollen diagrams from western Tasmania suggests that the development of pollen/vegetation associations was time transgressive with altitude during the late glacial when climatic influences and migration rates were important, and that the mosaic of vegetation communities became more complex during the Holocene because of adjustment to or control by local ecological factors. M http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a769305924~db=all~order=page DOI: 10.1080/00049189208703049 $?b Thomas, I 1995 295-3013 1993 Institute of Australian Geographers Conference 45 Gale Dixon
Donna Aitken Monash Publications in GeographyV Melaleuca Inlet, Tasmania, Tas, radiocarbon dating, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire Y&?c Colhoun, E.
et al., 1991 337-354 Australian Geographical Studies 29?d ( Colhoun, E.A.
van de Geer, G.
Hannan, D. 1991R Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history at Dublin Bog, north-central Tasmania 337-354 Australian Geographical Studies 29= palynology, pollen, Dublin Bog, Tasmania, Tas, charcoal, fire
F?e 0 K E Fitzsimmons
E J Rhodes
J W Magee
T T Barrows in pressR The timing of linear dune activity in the Strzelecki and Tirari Deserts, Australia Quaternary Science Reviews Linear dunes, OSL dating, Strzelecki Desert, Tirari Desert, Lake Eyre, Muloorina, Innamincka, Oonabrinta, aridity, aeolian, South Australia, SA Linear dunes occupy more than one third of the Australian continent, but the timing of their formation and their reliability as proxies for arid conditions is poorly understood. In this study we collected 82 samples from 26 sites across the Strzelecki and Tirari Deserts in the driest part of central Australia to provide an optically stimulated luminescence chronology for the dunefields. The dunes preserve up to four stratigraphic horizons, bounded by palaeosols, which represent evidence for multiple periods of reactivation punctuated by episodes of increased environmental stability. Enhanced dune activity took place in discrete phases around 72-60ka, 36-30ka, 20-18ka, 14-10ka and 0-4ka, although intermittent partial mobilisation persisted at other times throughout the last 75ka. Dune construction occurred when sediment was available for aeolian transport; in the Strzelecki and Tirari Deserts, this coincided with cold, arid conditions during oxygen isotope chronozone (OIC) 4, late OIC 3 and OIC 2, and the warm, dry climate of the late Holocene. Localised influxes of sediment on active floodplains and lake floors during the relatively more humid periods OIC 5a/b and OIC 5d also resulted in dune formation. The timing of widespread dune reactivation coincided with glaciation in southeastern Australia, along with cooler sea surface temperatures and increased ice volumes in the southern hemisphere and Antarctica.$ DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.010 D?f P Moss 1994? Late Holocene environments of Den Plain, north-western Tasmania Department of Geography Melbourne University of Melbourne< Den Plain, Tasmania, TAS, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire Honoursg?g 5 Dodson, J.R.
Mitchell, F.J.G.
Bogeholz, H.
Julian, N. 1998t Dynamics of temperate rainforest from fine resolution pollen analysis, upper Ringarooma river, northeastern Tasmania 550-561 Australian Journal of Ecology 23 6p Ringarooma River, Tasmania, TAS, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, 210Pb dating, radiocarbon dating, SIRM, LOI ?h Ellis, R.C
Thomas, I 1988 Pre-settlement and post-settlement vegetational change and probable Aboriginal influences in a highland forested area in Tasmania 199-214l Australia's Ever-changing Forests: Proceedings of the First National Conference on Australian Forest History Kevin J. Frawley
Noel M. Semple CanberraJ Department of Geography and Oceanography, Australian Defence Force AcademyC Big Heathy Swamp, Tasmania, TAS, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire?i " M.P. Black
S.D. Mooney
H.A. Martin 2006W A >43,000-year vegetation and fire history from Lake Baraba, New South Wales, Australia 3003-3016 Quaternary Science Reviews 25 21-22t Lake Baraba, Thirlmere Lakes, Blue Mountains, Sydney Basin, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire Palaeoenvironmental sequences that describe the vegetation of the last glacial maximum (LGM) and of the subsequent climatic amelioration are relatively rare in the Australian, Southeast Asian and Pacific region (SEAPAC region). Here, we present the results of a palynological investigation from Lake Baraba, located in eastern Australia, which extends beyond 43 ka. Bands of oxidised sediment prior to the LGM suggest lake level fluctuations, however, lacustrine clays continued to be deposited throughout the LGM and into the early Holocene when the deposition of peat was initiated. The vegetation, a Casuarina woodland/shrubland with a mixed understorey, remained relatively stable from >43 kyr to the early Holocene, suggesting that this sclerophyllous vegetation was resilient to changes in climate. The vegetation of the LGM at Lake Baraba does not conform to previous descriptions of a treeless south-eastern Australia, and it is possible that it was a refugium for woodland. Myrtaceae expanded at the expense of Casuarinaceae from the early Holocene, with charcoal analyses suggesting that fire was an unlikely explanation. There was no apparent relationship between Aboriginal site usage and fire activity and hence how Aboriginal people used fire at Lake Baraba remains speculative.
' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBC-4KBDWR2-2&_user=554534&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2006&_alid=594978174&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=5&_acct=C000028338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=554534&md5=56c33a4d9afae8b76b4ef671d404561c* doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.006 X ?j Black, M.P.
Mooney, S.D. 2006 Holocene fire history from the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area, New South Wales, Australia: the climate, humans and fire nexus 41-51 Regional Environmental Change 6 1-2h Gooches Crater, Newnes Plateau, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire~ This study presents a reconstruction of the fire activity of the last ~14,200 cal. years BP (before AD 1950) from Gooches Crater Right, located on the Newnes Plateau, approximately 150 km to the west of Sydney (~33°27′S, 150°16′E) within the Blue Mountains National Park. Charcoal analysis and palynology were undertaken with the aim of untangling any inter-relationship between climate, humans and fire. A chronology of the site was provided by radiocarbon dating. The dominant control on fire in this environment during the Holocene appears to be climate. Periods of climate change, identified in previous studies, are associated with higher levels of fire activity. Fire was less ubiquitous between ~9,000 and 6,000 years BP, a period normally described as having a higher effective moisture in south-eastern Australia. The mid-Holocene fluctuations in charcoal may reflect anthropogenic fire, climate forcing or alternatively human responses to any climate change. Coeval changes in palaeoclimatic sequences elsewhere and palynology at the site support a climatic explanation or that Aboriginal people used fire within a climatic framework.] http://www.springerlink.com/content/77160v84623k4x65/?p=b17f0a79bc104f4cb7e423cb58507ead&pi=3 DOI 10.1007/s10113-005-0003-8
@ D?k M P Black 2006 A Late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental investigation of the fire, climate, human and vegetation nexus from the Sydney Basin, Australia6 School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Sydney University of New South Wales Gooches Crater, Newnes Plateau, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, Lake Baraba, Kings Waterhole, Sydney Basin, Howes Waterhole Swamp PhD It is widely believed that Australian Aboriginals utilised fire to manage various landscapes however to what extent this use of fire impacted on Australia’s ecosystems remains uncertain. The late Pleistocene/Holocene fire history from three sites within the Sydney Basin, Gooches Swamp, Lake Baraba and Kings Waterhole, were compared with archaeological and palaeoclimatic data using a novel method of quantifying macroscopic charcoal, which is presented in this study. The palynology of the three sites was also investigated. The Gooches Swamp fire record appeared to be most influenced by climate and there was an abrupt increase in fire activity from the mid-Holocene perhaps associated with the onset of modern El Niño dominated conditions. The Kings Waterhole site also displayed an abrupt increase in charcoal at this time however there was a marked decrease in charcoal from ~3 ka. Similarly Lake Baraba displayed low levels of charcoal in the late Holocene. At both Kings Waterhole and Lake Baraba archaeological evidence suggests intensified human activity in the late Holocene during this period of lower and less variable charcoal. It is hence possible that Aboriginal people dominated fire activity in the late Holocene perhaps in response to the increased risk of large intense fires under an ENSO-dominated climate became more prevalent. The fire history of the Sydney Basin varies temporally and spatially and therefore it is not possible to use a single type of fire regime as a management objective. There were no major changes in the composition of the flora at all sites throughout late Pleistocene/Holocene although there were some changes in the relative abundance of different taxa. It is suggested that the Sydney Sandstone flora, which surrounds the sites, is relatively resistant to environmental changes. Casuarinaceae was present at Lake Baraba during the Last Glacial Maximum and therefore the site may have acted as a potential refugium for more mesic communities. There was a notable decline in Casuarinaceae during the Holocene at Lake Baraba and Kings Waterhole, a trend that has been found at a number of sites from southeastern Australia. ?l Black, Manu P
Mooney, Scott D. 2007 The response of Aboriginal burning practices to population levels and El Nino-Southern Oscillation events during the mid- to late-Holocene: a case study from the Sydney Basin using charcoal and pollen analysis 37-52 Australian Geographer 38 1W Kings Waterhole, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, Sydney Basin Pollen and macroscopic charcoal have been analysed from a sedimentary sequence representing approximately 6100 years from a site within Wollemi National Park. This is located to the north-west of Sydney and forms a part of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. The overall aim of the work was to examine the prehistoric interrelationships between vegetation, fire and human activity. There were relatively minor changes in the vegetation over the last 6000 years, perhaps reflecting the climate- and fire-resilient nature of the sclerophyllous vegetation found on Hawkesbury Sandstone throughout the Sydney Basin. Casuarinaceae declined in the late Holocene, a trend that has been detected in numerous palaeoecological studies throughout south-eastern Australia. This decline was unrelated to fire, which has been a persistent feature at the site over the entire analysed sequence. The fire regime at the site changed from 5.7 ka, which is interpreted as reflecting the onset of increased climatic variability associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Another dramatic change in the fire regime occurred at 3 ka, which was coeval with archaeological changes in the region. It is possible that the change in fire activity from 3 ka represented an alteration to Aboriginal management strategies associated with an increasing population and/or the increased risk of conflagrations in an ENSO-dominated climate. M http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a778613187~db=all~order=page DOI: 10.1080/00049180601175857 -?m ! S. D. Mooney
M. Webb
V. Attenbrow 2007 A Comparison of Charcoal and Archaeological Information to Address the Influences on Holocene Fire Activity in the Sydney Basin 177-194 Australian Geographer 38 2V Griffith Swamp, Sydney Basin, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire The influence of Aboriginal people on fire activity and hence the vegetation of Australia has long been debated. This study aimed to document the local fire activity of the Holocene in the catchment of a small freshwater reed swamp located in the Sydney Basin and to compare this with nearby archaeological evidence; including artefact discard rates and the number of base camps and activity locations used through time. This archaeological evidence was used as an index of human activity through time to assess anthropogenic influences on fire activity. Charcoal (>250 µm) was quantified in a radiocarbon-dated sediment core from Griffith Swamp covering 6000 calibrated years BP. A substantial increase in fire activity was found from 3000 years BP and a lesser increase approximately 700 years ago. The change in fire activity at 3000 years BP was approximately coeval with changes in archaeological evidence from Upper Mangrove Creek, suggesting either greater human presence in the landscape or altered subsistence and land-use strategies. Fire frequency in the catchment of Griffith Swamp peaked at about eight episodes per century, perhaps in response to environmental change that promoted both increased human activity and a higher natural fire frequency. This study provides an extended temporal perspective on fire and humans in this landscape, demonstrating how palaeoecology can provide practical information for the contemporary management of such fire-prone ecosystems. DOI: 10.1080/00049180701392774 ?n Dodson, J. R.
Thom, B. G. 1992G Holocene vegetation history from the Hawkesbury Valley, New South Wales 121-1345 Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 113K Hawkesbury Valley, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire ?o Johnson, A. G. 1994= Late Holocene environmental changes on Kurnell Peninsula, NSW 119-1325 Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 114m Marton Swamp, Kurnell Peninsula, Botany Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire ?p Martin, A.R.H. 1994 Kurnell Fen: an eastern Australian coastal wetland, its Holocene vegetation, relevant to sea-level change and aboriginal land use 311-332% Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 80l Kurnell Fen, Kurnell Peninsula, Botany Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire_ Pollen analysis of a 3.4 m core from residual fenland at the eastern end of Kurnell Peninsula shows that woodland cover of Eucalyptus spp., Angophora costata, Banksia integrifolia/B. serrata and Casuarina spp. suffered losses about 5000 BP when a nearby coastal protobarrier was destabilised by rising sea level, while rapidly-formed fen peat replaced slowly formed O2-depleted, algal and FeS-rich fine detritus gyttja. Fire frequency was low up to this time.
Woodland partly recovered over a 2000 yr period despite heavier or more frequent firing coincident with the entry of hunter-gathering aboriginal (Pre-Bondaian) people. The peatland, formerly sedge/Triglochin, became dominated by marsh ferns between 4000 and 2000 BP; these were largely replaced during a major change to a more acid peat, with an expansion of Sphagnum bog elements, associated with acidiphilous diatoms.
Minor destabilisation of local duneland ca. 1700 BP brought fine sand into the fen basin. Dryland plant cover increased after 1700 BP but mainly dominated locally by a more seral Monotoca/Leptospermum scrub. Bog has reverted to Baumea rubiginosa-Triglochin procera fen with few diatoms, possibly due to recent salt-spray access. This and the more seral vegetation may be linked to higher population density or greater continuity of tenure of later (Bondaian) aboriginal peoples, post-2000 BP. " doi:10.1016/0034-6667(94)90008-6 ?q
Johnson, A.G. 2000x Fine resolution palaeoecology confirms anthropogenic impact during the Late Holocene in the Lower Hawkesbury Valley, NSW 209-235 Australian Geographer 31 2 Mill Creek, Hawkesbury Valley, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire, 210Pb dating, radiocarbon dating, magnetic susceptibility, geochemistry, SIRM
This study reconstructs environmental conditions at Mill Creek, within the lower Hawkesbury-Nepean Valley, by the use of fine resolution palaeoecological studies of sediments. Archaeological surveys and historical accounts are used to investigate ecosystem response to known human activities. Research found that during prehistoric times (between 820 BP and the 1790s), the study area was well vegetated with dry sclerophyll communities on the valley sides, and a highly productive wetland community occupied the moist valley floor. Valley sides were generally stable, and little fire was evident in the landscape. Sediment was mainly deposited on the valley floor from the Hawkesbury-Nepean River during flood. After European settlement in the 1790s, sedimentation rates and charcoal preserved within sediments increased significantly, probably due to agricultural and clearing practices, both locally and upstream. Consequently, vegetation communities were altered. In 1967, the study area became part of Dharug National Park. Forestry and agricultural activities were excluded from the catchment, and the fire regime was reduced in frequency. Present-day vegetation communities appear to be becoming more like those that prevailed during prehistoric times. However, sedimentation rates remain elevated due to continued disturbance to the greater Hawkesbury River catchment. Recent poor water quality, coupled with a succession of floods on the Hawkesbury River, has increased wetland productivity levels, and their spatial extent, at Mill Creek. M http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713612247~db=all~order=page DOI: 10.1080/713612247 E?r Kodela, P. G.
Dodson, J. R. 1989` A late Holocene vegetation and fire record from Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, New South Wales 317-3265 Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 110 4c South Salvation Creek Swamp, Sydney Basin, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire ?s Dodson, J.R.
Lu, J.J. 2000] A late Holocene vegetation and environment record from Byenup Lagoon, south-western Australia 41-54 Australian Geographer 31 1H Byenup Lagoon, Western Australia, WA, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire) South-western Australia has a Mediterranean-type climate and its infertile soils support a highly diverse angiosperm flora. Little is known of the vegetation history of this region, and this means that little can be said of the roles of environmental stability, climate change, or human impact on the maintenance or development of the high biodiversity of the region. This study presents a pollen and fossil charcoal record from two peat profiles from a freshwater lagoon region near Lake Muir, east of Manjimup, in south-western Australia. The record shows a glimpse of an early Holocene where a mix of Casuarina and eucalypts with an understorey of heath and some open herbaceous vegetation, including chenopods, occurred. Fire was not an important factor at this time. The main record begins from about 4800 BP, and shows a vegetation mix of Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata, with the latter becoming dominant by about 3500 BP. Corymbia calophylla again becomes prominent in the last few centuries. A heathy understorey is present throughout the last 4800 years, but was apparently less dense during phases when C. calophylla was more prominent. Melaleuca woodland has been the main vegetation type around the wetland areas and areas of inundation since the mid-Holocene. Major fire periods at Byenup, around 4200 BP and between about 3000 and 2000 BP, did not result in major vegetation changes. An analysis of cation content in the sediments suggests that weathering and erosion rates have been relatively stable throughout the record, but an increase in phosphorus and possibly organic matter in the surface layers suggests that agricultural practices have led to changes in the chemistry of sediments. It is hypothesised that an increase in effective precipitation about 4800 BP led to the initiation of the continuous part of the sediment record at Byenup. This increase most likely resulted from a more effective westerly wind stream. Changes since this time are more likely a result of changing fire regime and the interaction of species, rather than climate shifts. M http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713612241~db=all~order=page DOI: 10.1080/00049180093529 ?t Dodson, J.R.
Chant, J.
Daly, J. 1995F Human impact recorded in urban wetlands sediments in Sydney, Australia 113-124 Man and Culture in Oceania 11 4X Trenerry Reserve, Sydney Basin, New South Wales, NSW, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire ?u & Mooney, S.D.
Watson, J.R.
Dodson, J.R. 1997c Late Holocene environmental change in an upper montane area of the Snowy Mountains, New South Wales 185-200 Australian Geographer 28 2V Brooks Ridge Fen, Snowy Mountains, New South Wales, pollen, palynology, charcoal, fire This study examines environmental change in the upper montane zone of the Australian Eastern Highlands during the late Holocene, by analysing vegetation, fire and erosion records contained within a small fen located in a frost hollow. Differences in environmental parameters across the prehistoric - historic boundary were particularly